Introduction

Automated vehicle (AV) technologies are one of the most highly disruptive transportation technologies that have the potential to transform the existing transportation systems and the associated impacts on public health and health equity. There have been numerous attempts to recognize and frame the consequences of AVs on public health; however, the uncertainties in impacts and extent of the impacts is not explored, while studies quantifying these impacts are non-existent.

Methods

In this paper, we introduce a 5-step mechanism through which AV can impact public health and health equity. We conduct a holistic and narrative review of the existing review studies about AVs' impacts and transportation-related health risk factors that are quantified via two pathways: traffic crash risk and air quality. We have then reviewed the existing quantification methodologies in the literature on each topic.

Results

In light of the literature review, we proposed a conceptual framework for full-chain impact assessment of automated vehicles on health and health equity through changes in transportation. The literature review effort showed the changes in transportation after AV implementation vary based on the assumptions of the travel demand models. Six quantification approaches were identified for AV safety evaluations, but their application is limited for full-chain health impact assessment of AVs. The literature about AV impacts on transportation related air pollution (TRAP) related health impacts is limited and requires further steps, including air quality modelling and health impact assessment. Finally, most of the studies on AVs’ health equity impact assessment are speculative in nature and do not rely on data-driven analysis.

Conclusions

The proposed framework aims to provide researchers with a full-chain impact assessment framework for quantifying the health and equity impacts of AVs at the system level and identify the methodological gaps for future research.

中文翻译：

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量化自动驾驶汽车对健康和健康公平的影响：概念框架和文献综述

介绍

自动驾驶汽车 (AV) 技术是最具破坏性的交通技术之一，有可能改变现有的交通系统以及对公共卫生和健康公平的相关影响。已经有许多尝试来识别和界定自动驾驶汽车对公共卫生的影响；然而，没有探讨影响和影响程度的不确定性，而量化这些影响的研究并不存在。

方法

在本文中，我们介绍了一个 5 步机制，通过该机制，AV 可以影响公共卫生和健康公平。我们对现有的关于自动驾驶汽车影响和交通相关健康风险因素的评论研究进行了全面和叙述性审查，这些研究通过两种途径量化：交通事故风险和空气质量。然后，我们回顾了关于每个主题的文献中现有的量化方法。

结果

根据文献综述，我们提出了一个概念框架，用于通过交通变化对自动驾驶汽车对健康和健康公平的全链影响评估。文献综述表明，根据旅行需求模型的假设，自动驾驶实施后交通的变化会有所不同。为 AV 安全评估确定了六种量化方法，但它们的应用仅限于 AV 的全链健康影响评估。关于 AV 对交通相关空气污染 (TRAP) 相关健康影响的文献有限，需要采取进一步措施，包括空气质量建模和健康影响评估。最后，大多数关于自动驾驶汽车健康公平影响评估的研究本质上都是推测性的，并不依赖于数据驱动的分析。

结论

拟议的框架旨在为研究人员提供一个全链影响评估框架，用于在系统层面量化自动驾驶汽车对健康和公平的影响，并确定未来研究的方法差距。