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Catch-22 in specialized metabolism: balancing defense and growth
Journal of Experimental Botany ( IF 5.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-21 , DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab348
Sayantan Panda 1, 2 , Yana Kazachkova 1 , Asaph Aharoni 1
Affiliation  

Plants are unsurpassed biochemists that synthesize a plethora of molecules in response to an ever-changing environment. The majority of these molecules, considered as specialized metabolites, effectively protect the plant against pathogens and herbivores. However, this defense most probably comes at a great expense, leading to reduction of growth (known as the ‘growth–defense trade-off’). Plants employ several strategies to reduce the high metabolic costs associated with chemical defense. Production of specialized metabolites is tightly regulated by a network of transcription factors facilitating its fine-tuning in time and space. Multifunctionality of specialized metabolites—their effective recycling system by re-using carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, thus re-introducing them back to the primary metabolite pool—allows further cost reduction. Spatial separation of biosynthetic enzymes and their substrates, and sequestration of potentially toxic substances and conversion to less toxic metabolite forms are the plant’s solutions to avoid the detrimental effects of metabolites they produce as well as to reduce production costs. Constant fitness pressure from herbivores, pathogens, and abiotic stressors leads to honing of specialized metabolite biosynthesis reactions to be timely, efficient, and metabolically cost-effective. In this review, we assess the costs of production of specialized metabolites for chemical defense and the different plant mechanisms to reduce the cost of such metabolic activity in terms of self-toxicity and growth.

中文翻译:

特殊代谢中的 Catch-22:平衡防御和生长

植物是无与伦比的生物化学家,可以合成大量分子以应对不断变化的环境。这些分子中的大多数被认为是专门的代谢物,可以有效地保护植物免受病原体和食草动物的侵害。然而,这种防御很可能会付出巨大的代价,导致增长减少(称为“增长-防御权衡”)。植物采用多种策略来降低与化学防御相关的高代谢成本。特殊代谢物的产生受到转录因子网络的严格调控,促进了其在时间和空间上的微调。特殊代谢物的多功能性——它们通过再利用碳、氮和硫的有效回收系统,从而将它们重新引入初级代谢物池——可以进一步降低成本。生物合成酶及其底物的空间分离,以及潜在有毒物质的隔离和转化为毒性较低的代谢物形式是植物避免它们产生的代谢物的有害影响以及降低生产成本的解决方案。来自食草动物、病原体和非生物压力源的持续健康压力导致专门代谢物生物合成反应的磨练及时、高效且具有新陈代谢成本效益。在这篇综述中,我们评估了用于化学防御的专门代谢物的生产成本以及不同的植物机制,以降低这种代谢活动在自身毒性和生长方面的成本。潜在有毒物质的隔离和转化为毒性较低的代谢物形式是工厂避免其产生的代谢物的有害影响以及降低生产成本的解决方案。来自食草动物、病原体和非生物压力源的持续健康压力导致专门代谢物生物合成反应的磨练及时、高效且具有新陈代谢成本效益。在这篇综述中,我们评估了用于化学防御的专门代谢物的生产成本以及不同的植物机制,以降低这种代谢活动在自身毒性和生长方面的成本。潜在有毒物质的隔离和转化为毒性较低的代谢物形式是工厂避免其产生的代谢物的有害影响以及降低生产成本的解决方案。来自食草动物、病原体和非生物压力源的持续健康压力导致专门代谢物生物合成反应的磨练及时、高效且具有新陈代谢成本效益。在这篇综述中,我们评估了用于化学防御的专门代谢物的生产成本以及不同的植物机制,以降低这种代谢活动在自身毒性和生长方面的成本。和非生物压力源导致专门代谢物生物合成反应的磨练是及时、高效和代谢成本效益高的。在这篇综述中,我们评估了用于化学防御的专门代谢物的生产成本以及不同的植物机制,以降低这种代谢活动在自身毒性和生长方面的成本。和非生物压力源导致专门代谢物生物合成反应的磨练是及时、高效和代谢成本效益高的。在这篇综述中,我们评估了用于化学防御的专门代谢物的生产成本以及不同的植物机制,以降低这种代谢活动在自身毒性和生长方面的成本。
更新日期:2021-07-21
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