Abstract. The use of wireless sensor networks in the measurement of soil parameters represents one of the least invasive methods available to date. Wireless sensors pose the least disturbance to soil structure and having fewer aboveground cables reduce the risk of undesired equipment damage and potential data loss. However, implementing wireless sensor networks in field studies usually requires advanced and costly engineering knowledge. This study presents a new underground, wireless, open-source, low-cost system for monitoring soil oxygen, temperature, and soil moisture. The process of system design, assembly, programming, deployment, and power management is presented. The system can be left underground for several years without the need for changing the battery. Emphasis was given on modularity so that it can be easily duplicated or changed if needed, and deployed without previous engineering knowledge. Data from this type of system have a wide range of applications, including precision agriculture and high-resolution modelling.

中文翻译：

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一种用于监测氧气、温度和土壤湿度的地下、无线、开源、低成本系统

摘要。在土壤参数测量中使用无线传感器网络代表了迄今为止可用的侵入性最小的方法之一。无线传感器对土壤结构的干扰最小，地上电缆更少，降低了意外设备损坏和潜在数据丢失的风险。然而，在实地研究中实施无线传感器网络通常需要高级且昂贵的工程知识。这项研究提出了一种新的地下、无线、开源、低成本系统，用于监测土壤氧、温度和土壤湿度。介绍了系统设计、组装、编程、部署和电源管理的过程。该系统可以在地下放置数年而无需更换电池。强调模块化，以便在需要时可以轻松复制或更改，并且在没有先前工程知识的情况下部署 来自此类系统的数据具有广泛的应用，包括精准农业和高分辨率建模。