Programming language design requires making many usability-related design decisions. However, existing HCI methods can be impractical to apply to programming languages: languages have high iteration costs, programmers require significant learning time, and user performance has high variance. To address these problems, we adapted both formative and summative HCI methods to make them more suitable for programming language design. We integrated these methods into a new process, PLIERS, for designing programming languages in a user-centered way. We assessed PLIERS by using it to design two new programming languages. Glacier extends Java to enable programmers to express immutability properties effectively and easily. Obsidian is a language for blockchains that includes verification of critical safety properties. Empirical studies showed that the PLIERS process resulted in languages that could be used effectively by many programmers and revealed additional opportunities for language improvement.

中文翻译：

---

钳

编程语言设计需要做出许多与可用性相关的设计决策。然而，现有的 HCI 方法可能不适用于编程语言：语言具有高迭代成本，程序员需要大量学习时间，用户性能差异很大。为了解决这些问题，我们采用了形成性和总结性 HCI 方法，使它们更适合编程语言设计。我们将这些方法集成到一个新流程 PLIERS 中，以便以用户为中心的方式设计编程语言。我们通过使用 PLIERS 设计两种新的编程语言来评估 PLIERS。Glacier 扩展了 Java 以使程序员能够有效且轻松地表达不变性属性。Obsidian 是一种区块链语言，包括对关键安全属性的验证。