Elections are commonly repeated over longer and fixed intervals of time, ranging from months to years. This results in limitations on governance since elected candidates or policies are difficult to remove before the next election even though they might be deemed detrimental to the majority of participants. When new information is available, participants may decide (through a public deliberation) to make amendments to their choice but have no opportunity to change their vote before the next elections. Another issue is the peak-end effect where voters' judgment is based on how they felt a short time before the elections, instead of judging the whole period of the governance. Finally, there exist a few issues related to centralized e-voting, such as censorship and tampering with the results and data. To address these issues, we propose Always on Voting (AoV) -- a repetitive blockchain-based voting framework that allows participants to continuously vote and change elected candidates or policies without having to wait for the next election. Participants are permitted to privately change their vote at any point in time, while the effect of their change is manifested at the end of each epoch whose duration is shorter than the time between two main elections. To thwart the peak-end effect issue in epochs, the ends of epochs are randomized and made unpredictable. While several blockchain-based e-voting proposals had been already presented, to the best of our knowledge, none of them addressed the issue of re-voting and peak-end effect.

中文翻译：

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始终投票：区块链上重复投票的框架

选举通常在较长且固定的时间间隔内重复进行，从几个月到几年不等。This results in limitations on governance since elected candidates or policies are difficult to remove before the next election even though they might be deemed detrimental to the majority of participants. 当有新信息可用时，参与者可以决定（通过公开审议）对他们的选择进行修改，但在下次选举之前没有机会改变他们的投票。另一个问题是峰终效应，即选民的判断是基于他们在选举前一小段时间的感受，而不是对整个治理时期的判断。最后，存在一些与集中电子投票相关的问题，例如审查和篡改结果和数据。为了解决这些问题，we propose Always on Voting (AoV) -- a repetitive blockchain-based voting framework that allows participants to continuously vote and change elected candidates or policies without having to wait for the next election. 参与者可以在任何时间点私下改变他们的投票，而他们改变的影响在每个纪元结束时表现出来，其持续时间短于两次主要选举之间的时间。为了阻止 epoch 中的峰终效应问题，epoch 的结束是随机的并且不可预测。虽然已经提出了几个基于区块链的电子投票提案，但据我们所知，它们都没有解决重新投票和峰值效应的问题。