ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial resistances (AMR) present an emerging concern in human and animal health policy, as well as in water policy as a consequence of the pollution of water resources by antibiotic substances stemming from manure and sewage treatment plants. In 2017, the European Commission passed an AMR Action Plan and urged member states to develop national action plans to coordinate action across human, animal and environmental health. Building on the literature on policy integration we conduct comparative case studies in order to explore how European countries address the AMR challenge and if policies respond to the cross-sectoral character of AMR. We find that policy integration varies across countries provide explanations for why this is the case and come to three main conclusions: Firstly, and confirming previous research, a pronounced executive capacity, the presence of green parties in parliament, and a consensus democracy are each necessary but not sufficient conditions in configurations leading to policy integration. Secondly, executive capacity only results in policy integration if there is no important agricultural sector articulating its interests. Thirdly, even if there is an important agricultural and/or livestock sector, green parties in parliament or consensus democracies can balance these interests towards a successful policy integration.

摘要

由于来自粪便和污水处理厂的抗生素物质对水资源的污染，抗菌素耐药性 (AMR) 在人类和动物健康政策以及水政策中提出了一个新的问题。2017 年，欧盟委员会通过了 AMR 行动计划，并敦促成员国制定国家行动计划，以协调人类、动物和环境健康方面的行动。在政策整合文献的基础上，我们进行了比较案例研究，以探索欧洲国家如何应对抗菌素耐药性挑战以及政策是否对抗菌素耐药性的跨部门特征做出反应。我们发现，各国的政策整合各不相同，这解释了为什么会出现这种情况，并得出三个主要结论：首先，确认先前的研究，显着的执行能力、议会中的绿党和共识民主都是导致政策整合的必要条件，但不是充分条件。其次，只有在没有重要的农业部门表达其利益的情况下，执行能力才会导致政策整合。第三，即使存在重要的农业和/或畜牧业部门，议会中的绿党或共识民主国家也可以平衡这些利益，以实现成功的政策整合。