Non-thermal, intermediate frequency (100–500 kHz) electrotherapies present a unique therapeutic strategy to treat malignant neoplasms. Here, pulsed electric fields (PEFs) which induce reversible or irreversible electroporation (IRE) and tumour-treating fields (TTFs) are reviewed highlighting the foundations, advances, and considerations of each method when applied to glioblastoma (GBM). Several biological aspects of GBM that contribute to treatment complexity (heterogeneity, recurrence, resistance, and blood-brain barrier(BBB)) and electrophysiological traits which are suggested to promote glioma progression are described. Particularly, the biological responses at the cellular and molecular level to specific parameters of the electrical stimuli are discussed offering ways to compare these parameters despite the lack of a universally adopted physical description. Reviewing the literature, a disconnect is found between electrotherapy techniques and how they target the biological complexities of GBM that make treatment difficult in the first place. An attempt is made to bridge the interdisciplinary gap by mapping biological characteristics to different methods of electrotherapy, suggesting important future research topics and directions in both understanding and treating GBM. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper that attempts an in-tandem assessment of the biological effects of different aspects of intermediate frequency electrotherapy methods, thus offering possible strategies toward GBM treatment.

中文翻译：

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胶质母细胞瘤的电疗法

非热中频（100-500 kHz）电疗法是治疗恶性肿瘤的独特治疗策略。在此，对诱导可逆或不可逆电穿孔 (IRE) 的脉冲电场 (PEF) 和肿瘤治疗场 (TTF) 进行了综述，重点介绍了每种方法应用于胶质母细胞瘤 (GBM) 时的基础、进展和注意事项。描述了导致治疗复杂性的 GBM 的几个生物学方面（异质性、复发、耐药性和血脑屏障（BBB））以及被认为促进神经胶质瘤进展的电生理特征。特别是，讨论了细胞和分子水平上对电刺激特定参数的生物反应，提供了比较这些参数的方法，尽管缺乏普遍采用的物理描述。回顾文献，我们发现电疗技术与其针对 GBM 生物学复杂性的方式之间存在脱节，这使得治疗从一开始就变得困难。试图通过将生物学特征映射到不同的电疗方法来弥合跨学科差距，提出理解和治疗 GBM 的重要未来研究主题和方向。据作者所知，这是第一篇尝试对中频电疗方法不同方面的生物效应进行串联评估的论文，从而为 GBM 治疗提供可能的策略。