Mountain agroecosystems deliver essential ecosystem services to society but are prone to climate change as well as socio-economic pressures, making multi-functional land systems increasingly central to sustainable mountain land use policy. Agroforestry, the combination of woody vegetation with crops and/or livestock, is expected to simultaneously increase provisioning and regulating ecosystem services, but knowledge gaps concerning trade-offs exist especially in temperate industrialized and alpine regions. Here, we quantify the aboveground carbon (C) dynamics of a hypothetical agroforestry implementation in the Austrian long-term socio-ecological research region Eisenwurzen from 2020 to 2050. We develop three land use scenarios to differentiate conventional agriculture from an immediate and a gradual agroforestry implementation, integrate data from three distinct models (Yield-SAFE, SECLAND, MIAMI), and advance the socio-ecological indicator framework Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) to assess trade-offs between biomass provision and carbon sequestration. Results indicate that agroforestry strongly decreases HANPP because of a reduction in biomass harvest by up to − 47% and a simultaneous increase in actual net primary production by up to 31%, with a large amount of carbon sequestered in perennial biomass by up to 3.4 t C ha^-1 yr^-1. This shows that a hypothetical transition to agroforestry in the Eisenwurzen relieves the agroecosystem from human-induced pressure but results in significant trade-offs between biomass provision and carbon sequestration. We thus conclude that while harvest losses inhibit large-scale implementation in intensively used agricultural regions, agroforestry constitutes a valuable addition to sustainable land use policy, in particular when affecting extensive pastures and meadows in alpine landscapes.

山区农业生态系统为社会提供必要的生态系统服务，但容易受到气候变化和社会经济压力的影响，使得多功能土地系统日益成为可持续山区土地利用政策的核心。农林业是木本植被与农作物和/或牲畜的结合，预计将同时增加供应和调节生态系统服务，但在权衡方面存在知识差距，特别是在温带工业化和高山地区。在这里，我们量化了 2020 年至 2050 年奥地利长期社会生态研究区Eisenwurzen假设农林业实施的地上碳 (C) 动态。我们制定了三种土地利用情景，以区分传统农业与直接和渐进的农林业实施，整合来自三个不同模型（Yield-SAFE、SECLAND、MIAMI）的数据，并推进社会生态指标框架人类净初级生产占有（HANPP），以评估生物质供应和碳封存之间的权衡。结果表明，农林业大大降低了 HANPP，因为生物量收获减少了高达 - 47%，同时实际净初级生产力增加了高达 31%，多年生生物量中大量碳封存高达 3.4 吨查^-1年^-1 。这表明，艾森武尔岑地区向农林业的假设过渡减轻了农业生态系统的人为压力，但导致了生物量供应和碳封存之间的显着权衡。 因此，我们得出的结论是，虽然收成损失阻碍了集约化农业地区的大规模实施，但农林业对可持续土地利用政策构成了宝贵的补充，特别是在影响高山景观中的大片牧场和草甸时。