In this study, an efficient methodology for manufacturing a realistic three-dimensional (3D) cerebrovascular phantom resembling a brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) for applications in stereotactic radiosurgery is presented. The AVM vascular structure was 3D reconstructed from brain computed tomography (CT) data acquired from a patient. For the phantom fabrication, stereolithography was used to produce the AVM model and combined with silicone casting to mimic the brain parenchyma surrounding the vascular structure. This model was made with tissues-equivalent materials for radiology. The hollow vascular system of the phantom was filled with a contrast agent usually employed on patients for CT scans. The radiological response of the phantom was tested and compared with the one of the clinical case. The constructed model demonstrated to be a very accurate physical representation of the AVM and its vasculature and good morphological consistency was observed between the model and the patient-specific source anatomy. These results suggest that the proposed method has potential to be used to fabricate patient-specific phantoms for neurovascular radiosurgery applications and medical research.

中文翻译：

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用于动静脉畸形立体定向放射外科的血管 3D 模型的增材制造

在这项研究中，提出了一种用于制造类似于脑动静脉畸形 (AVM) 的逼真三维 (3D) 脑血管幻影的有效方法，用于立体定向放射外科应用。AVM 血管结构是根据从患者处获得的脑计算机断层扫描 (CT) 数据进行 3D 重建的。对于幻影制造，立体光刻用于制作 AVM 模型，并结合硅胶铸造来模拟血管结构周围的脑实质。这个模型是用放射学的组织等效材料制成的。模型的中空血管系统充满了通常用于患者进行 CT 扫描的造影剂。对幻影的放射学反应进行了测试，并与临床病例进行了比较。所构建的模型被证明是 AVM 及其脉管系统的非常准确的物理表示，并且在模型和患者特定的源解剖结构之间观察到良好的形态学一致性。这些结果表明，所提出的方法有可能用于为神经血管放射外科应用和医学研究制造患者特定的体模。