Extensive studies in the past few years have shown that nonmembrane bound organelles are likely assembled via liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), a process that is driven by multivalent protein–protein and/or protein–nucleic acid interactions. Both stoichiometric molecular interactions and intrinsically disordered region (IDR)-driven interactions can promote the assembly of membraneless organelles, and the field is currently dominated by IDR-driven biological condensate formation. Here we discuss recent studies that demonstrate the importance of specific biomolecular interactions for functions of diverse physiological condensates. We suggest that phase separation based on combinations of specific interactions and promiscuous IDR-driven interactions is likely a general feature of biological condensation under physiological conditions.

中文翻译：

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生物学中的液-液相分离：特定的化学计量分子相互作用与无序序列介导的混杂相互作用

过去几年的大量研究表明，非膜结合细胞器可能是通过液-液相分离 (LLPS) 组装的，该过程由多价蛋白质 - 蛋白质和/或蛋白质 - 核酸相互作用驱动。化学计量分子相互作用和内在无序区域 (IDR) 驱动的相互作用都可以促进无膜细胞器的组装，该领域目前以 IDR 驱动的生物凝聚物形成为主。在这里，我们讨论了最近的研究，这些研究证明了特定生物分子相互作用对不同生理缩合物的功能的重要性。我们认为基于特定相互作用和混杂 IDR 驱动相互作用的相分离可能是生理条件下生物凝聚的一般特征。