Exercise training has a profound impact on immunity, exerting a multitude of positive effects in indications such as immunosenescence, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory diseases. The immune, endocrine and central nervous systems work in a highly synergistic manner and it has become apparent that catecholamine signaling through leukocyte β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) is a key mechanism by which exercise mediates improvements in immune function to help mitigate numerous disease conditions. Central to this is the preferential mobilization and redistribution of effector lymphocytes with potent anti-viral and anti-tumor activity, their interaction with muscle-derived cytokines, and the effects of catecholamine signaling on mitochondrial biogenesis, immunometabolism and the resulting inflammatory response. Here, we review the impact of acute and chronic exercise on adrenergic regulation of immunity in the context of aging, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory disease. We also put forth our contention that exercise interventions designed to improve immunity, prevent disease and reduce inflammation should consider the catecholamine-AR signaling axis as a therapeutic target and ask whether or not the adrenergic signaling machinery can be ‘trained’ to improve immune responses to stress, disease or during the normal physiological process of aging. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to augment leukocyte catecholamine signaling to boost the effects of exercise on immunity in individuals with desensitized β-ARs or limited exercise tolerance.

运动训练对免疫有着深远的影响，在免疫衰老、癌症、病毒感染和炎症性疾病等适应症中发挥着多种积极作用。免疫、内分泌和中枢神经系统以高度协同的方式工作，很明显，通过白细胞 β-肾上腺素能受体 (β-ARs) 传递的儿茶酚胺信号是运动介导免疫功能改善以帮助减轻多种疾病的关键机制状况。其核心是优先动员和重新分布具有强效抗病毒和抗肿瘤活性的效应淋巴细胞，它们与肌肉衍生细胞因子的相互作用，以及儿茶酚胺信号传导对线粒体生物发生、免疫代谢和由此产生的炎症反应的影响。这里，我们回顾了在衰老、癌症、病毒感染和炎症疾病的背景下，急性和慢性运动对肾上腺素能调节免疫的影响。我们还提出了我们的论点，即旨在提高免疫力、预防疾病和减少炎症的运动干预应该考虑将儿茶酚胺-AR 信号轴作为治疗目标，并询问是否可以“训练”肾上腺素能信号机制以改善对以下疾病的免疫反应压力、疾病或衰老的正常生理过程。最后，我们讨论了增强白细胞儿茶酚胺信号传导的潜在策略，以增强运动对 β-AR 脱敏或运动耐量有限的个体的免疫力的影响。病毒感染和炎症性疾病。我们还提出了我们的论点，即旨在提高免疫力、预防疾病和减少炎症的运动干预应该考虑将儿茶酚胺-AR 信号轴作为治疗目标，并询问是否可以“训练”肾上腺素能信号机制以改善对以下疾病的免疫反应压力、疾病或衰老的正常生理过程。最后，我们讨论了增强白细胞儿茶酚胺信号传导的潜在策略，以增强运动对 β-AR 脱敏或运动耐量有限的个体的免疫力的影响。病毒感染和炎症性疾病。我们还提出了我们的论点，即旨在提高免疫力、预防疾病和减少炎症的运动干预应该考虑将儿茶酚胺-AR 信号轴作为治疗目标，并询问是否可以“训练”肾上腺素能信号机制以改善对以下疾病的免疫反应压力、疾病或衰老的正常生理过程。最后，我们讨论了增强白细胞儿茶酚胺信号传导的潜在策略，以增强运动对 β-AR 脱敏或运动耐量有限的个体的免疫力的影响。预防疾病和减少炎症应该考虑将儿茶酚胺-AR 信号轴作为治疗靶点，并询问是否可以“训练”肾上腺素能信号机制以改善对压力、疾病或衰老的正常生理过程的免疫反应。最后，我们讨论了增强白细胞儿茶酚胺信号传导的潜在策略，以增强运动对 β-AR 脱敏或运动耐量有限的个体的免疫力的影响。预防疾病和减少炎症应该考虑将儿茶酚胺-AR 信号轴作为治疗靶点，并询问是否可以“训练”肾上腺素能信号机制以改善对压力、疾病或衰老的正常生理过程的免疫反应。最后，我们讨论了增强白细胞儿茶酚胺信号传导的潜在策略，以增强运动对 β-AR 脱敏或运动耐量有限的个体的免疫力的影响。