Botany, Ahead of Print.
Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) is well-known as an important weed for cultivated land, particularly when found among cereal crops. It produces large amounts of heteromorphic (black and brown) seeds. This study aimed to estimate the critical temperature thresholds of wild mustard heteromorphic seeds. For this purpose, a novel Weibull-based thermal time model was developed, which was applied to compare the germination characteristics of the heteromorphic seeds of wild mustard. Germination was investigated by exposing the seeds to eight constant temperatures of 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 37.5 °C. Over both the sub- and supraoptimal ranges, the proposed model reasonably explained the germination patterns of both seed types in response to temperature. Heteromorphic seeds of wild mustard exhibited different germination behaviors in response to different temperatures. Brown seeds were more cold-tolerant and could germinate rapidly to a high percentage (68%) in a wider range of temperature environments (2.78–38.05 °C); black seeds germinated at a narrower temperature range (4.99–37.97 °C) and a large proportion of black seeds remained dormant (77%). These differences could lead to the temporal distribution of seed germination throughout the growing season.

中文翻译：

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种子异型性是否会影响野生芥菜（Sinapis arvensis）萌发的临界温度阈值？建模方法

植物学，超前印刷。
野芥菜 (Sinapis arvensis L.) 是众所周知的耕地重要杂草，尤其是在谷类作物中。它产生大量异形（黑色和棕色）种子。本研究旨在估计野生芥菜异形种子的临界温度阈值。为此，开发了一种新的基于 Weibull 的热时间模型，用于比较野芥菜异形种子的发芽特性。通过将种子暴露于 7.5、10、15、20、25、30、35 和 37.5 °C 的八个恒定温度来研究发芽。在次优和超优范围内，所提出的模型合理地解释了两种种子类型响应温度的发芽模式。野芥菜异形种子在不同温度下表现出不同的萌发行为。棕色种子更耐寒，可以在更广泛的温度环境（2.78-38.05°C）下迅速发芽至高百分比（68%）；黑色种子在较窄的温​​度范围 (4.99–37.97 °C) 发芽，并且大部分黑色种子保持休眠状态 (77%)。这些差异可能导致种子萌发在整个生长季节的时间分布。