During buzz pollination, bees use vibrations to remove pollen from flowers. Vibrations at the natural frequency of pollen-carrying stamens are amplified through resonance, resulting in higher amplitude vibrations. Because pollen release depends on vibration amplitude, bees could increase pollen removal by vibrating at the natural frequency of stamens. However, few studies have characterized the natural frequencies of stamens and compared them to the frequencies of buzz-pollinating bees. We use laser Doppler vibrometry to characterize natural frequencies of stamens of six morphologically diverse, buzz-pollinated, heterantherous Solanum taxa and compare the frequency of bumblebee buzzes produced on two Solanum spp. with different natural frequencies. We found that stamen morphology and plant identity explain variation in their natural frequency. The natural frequencies of the stamens in the studied Solanum taxa fell between 45 and 295 Hz; in five out of six taxa the frequencies were < 190 Hz, which only partly overlaps floral vibrations of buzz-pollinating bees. We show that captive bumblebees produce vibrations at a frequency of 345 Hz and do not change their floral vibrations to match the natural frequency of the visited flowers. Our results suggest that pollen release induced by vibrating stamens at their natural frequencies might only play a role in a subset of buzz pollination interactions.

中文翻译：

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六种形态多样、蜂鸣授粉、异种茄属植物雄蕊自然频率的变化及其与蜜蜂振动的关系

在蜂鸣授粉期间，蜜蜂使用振动来去除花朵中的花粉。携带花粉的雄蕊的固有频率振动通过共振被放大，从而产生更高振幅的振动。因为花粉释放取决于振动幅度，蜜蜂可以通过以雄蕊的自然频率振动来增加花粉去除。然而，很少有研究描述雄蕊的自然频率并将其与蜂鸣授粉蜜蜂的频率进行比较。我们使用激光多普勒测振仪来表征六种形态多样、蜂鸣授粉、异种茄属植物雄蕊的自然频率，并比较两种茄属植物产生的大黄蜂蜂鸣频率。具有不同的固有频率。我们发现雄蕊形态和植物特性解释了它们自然频率的变化。所研究的茄属植物雄蕊的自然频率介于 45 和 295 Hz 之间；在六分之五的分类群中，频率是< 190 Hz，仅部分重叠蜂鸣授粉蜜蜂的花卉振动。我们表明圈养大黄蜂以 345 Hz 的频率产生振动，并且不会改变它们的花振动以匹配被访问花的自然频率。我们的研究结果表明，雄蕊以其自然频率振动引起的花粉释放可能仅在蜂鸣授粉相互作用的一个子集中起作用。我们表明圈养大黄蜂以 345 Hz 的频率产生振动，并且不会改变它们的花振动以匹配被访问花的自然频率。我们的研究结果表明，雄蕊以其自然频率振动引起的花粉释放可能仅在蜂鸣授粉相互作用的一个子集中起作用。我们表明圈养大黄蜂以 345 Hz 的频率产生振动，并且不会改变它们的花振动以匹配被访问花的自然频率。我们的研究结果表明，雄蕊以其自然频率振动引起的花粉释放可能仅在蜂鸣授粉相互作用的一个子集中起作用。