This paper proposes a modeling framework to design an integrated mobility service system that is composed of a local demand-responsive transportation (DRT) component and a fixed-route transit network component. The region is partitioned into disjoint local zones, and a trip is characterized into an intra- or inter-zonal one based on whether its origin and destination belong to the same zone. The transit network provides backbone line-haul service to inter-zonal trips, while the DRT system targets intra-zonal trips as well as the first-mile and last-mile legs of inter-zonal trips. The system components can be broadly defined, and this paper considers, as examples, conventional non-shared taxi or ride-sharing for the DRT service, and regular bus, bus rapid transit (BRT), or metro for the backbone network. For quantitative analysis of the DRT services, new aspatial queuing network models are developed to capture various DRT operations for serving trips with randomly distributed origins and destinations (i.e., intra-zonal trips) and those with origins or destinations concentrated at a set of fixed transit stations (i.e., first- or last-mile trip legs) at the same time. Each queuing model is integrated with the transit network design model, through proper service region partition, to derive closed-form formulas for the agency and passenger costs. Then, we formulate constrained non-linear programs that simultaneously optimize the zone partition, the fleet size and repositioning operation for the local DRT service, as well as the spacing and headway of a grid transit network. We apply the proposed models to a variety of transit technologies and application scenarios, so as to demonstrate applicability of the models, and to show promising performance of the proposed systems.

本文提出了一个建模框架来设计一个由本地需求响应交通 (DRT) 组件和固定路线交通网络组件组成的综合移动服务系统。该区域被划分为不相交的局部区域，并且根据旅行的起点和目的地是否属于同一区域，将其划分为区域内或区域间旅行。中转网络为区域间旅行提供骨干线路运输服务，而 DRT 系统针对区域内旅行以及区域间旅行的第一英里和最后一英里。系统组件的定义范围很广，本文以 DRT 服务的传统非共享出租车或拼车，以及骨干网的常规巴士、快速公交 (BRT) 或地铁为例。为了对 DRT 服务进行定量分析，开发了新的非空间排队网络模型来捕获各种 DRT 操作，用于为具有随机分布的起点和目的地的旅行（即区域内旅行）以及那些起点或目的地集中在一组固定公交上的旅行提供服务站（即第一英里或最后一英里行程）。每个排队模型与公交网络设计模型相结合，通过适当的服务区域划分，推导出代理和乘客成本的闭式公式。然后，我们制定了约束非线性程序，同时优化了本地 DRT 服务的区域划分、车队规模和重新定位操作，以及电网交通网络的间距和车头。