Glaciers have been an increasingly studied topic in the ecosystem services (ES) literature, with multiple scientific studies affirming a critical and diverse contribution to human well-being. However, the literature to date on glacier ES has lacked a systematic analysis of their type and the various stages in the formation of glacier ES, including the linkages between biophysical structures and ecological processes to human values, benefits and well-being. This paper begins to fill this gap by (1) detailing the first Common International Classification for Ecosystem Services classification of ES specific to glaciers; and (2) constructing an ES cascade model specific to the ES of glaciers, integrating four main stages of co-production: value attribution, mobilisation of ES potential, value appropriation, and commercialisation. In both stages, examples from the academic and grey literature are highlighted. Based on a systematic literature review, a total of 15 ES are identified, categorised as follows: provisioning (2), regulation and maintenance (6), and cultural (7). Apart from abiotic regulation and maintenance ES, it is evident that human interventions are necessary in order to mobilise, appropriate and commercialise several glacier ES, including freshwater for drinking, hydropower generation, recreation and education. Rapidly intensifying climate change has led to intense focus on the initial co-production process of value attribution and identification of dynamic ES potential, with a view to maximising commercial benefits in the coming decades where this is possible, especially linked to hydropower generation from glacial rivers. However, this study also finds that adaptive ecosystem management is a necessary pre-requisite of resilience but may be insufficient in this context to address potential ecosystem disservices and potentially catastrophic impacts to human well-being, such as from dangerous glacier outburst floods.

冰川已成为生态系统服务 (ES) 文献中越来越多的研究主题，多项科学研究肯定了对人类福祉的关键和多样化贡献。然而，迄今为止关于冰川 ES 的文献缺乏对其类型和冰川 ES 形成的各个阶段的系统分析，包括生物物理结构和生态过程与人类价值、利益和福祉之间的联系。本文首先通过以下方式填补了这一空白：(1) 详细介绍了针对冰川的第一个生态系统服务通用国际分类；(2) 构建特定于冰川 ES 的 ES 级联模型，整合共同生产的四个主要阶段：价值归因、ES 潜力的调动、价值挪用和商业化。在这两个阶段，突出了学术和灰色文献中的例子。根据系统的文献综述，共确定了 15 个 ES，分类如下：供应 (2)、监管和维护 (6) 以及文化 (7)。除了非生物调节和维护 ES 之外，很明显，为了动员、适当和商业化若干冰川 ES，包括用于饮用、水力发电、娱乐和教育的淡水，人类干预是必要的。迅速加剧的气候变化导致人们高度关注价值归因的初始联合生产过程和动态 ES 潜力的识别，以期在未来几十年尽可能实现商业利益最大化，特别是与冰川河流的水力发电相关. 然而，