In this study, a three-dimensional electrochemical process with aluminum electrodes in the presence of granular activated carbon derived from walnut shell (WGAC) was employed to remove Diclofenac from synthetic water. Optimum operating conditions were determined using response surface methodology, also, an empirical relationship was established between response and independent variables (activated carbon amount, contact time, pH, and electrolyte concentration). The results showed that activated carbon amount and NaCl concentration were the most influential factors on the removal efficiency, and the most significant factor affecting electrical energy was NaCl concentration. Additionally, three-dimensional electrochemical process with granular activated carbon has the potential to work in the pH range from 1 to 9. The optimal conditions to gain maximum removal efficiency and minimum electrical energy were determined to be 4.36 g granular activated carbon, 40 min contact time, and 4390 ppm of NaCl. In addition, to show the physical characteristics of activated carbon, the field emission scanning electron microscopy and BET analysis were applied, and Spectrophotometric technique was used to determine diclofenac concentration. Considering high removal efficiency and low electrical energy consumption, the three-dimensional electrochemical process with WGAC can be considered a cost-effective and practicable method to remove diclofenac from water and wastewater.

中文翻译：

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响应面法优化颗粒活性炭去除双氯芬酸的三维电化学工艺

在这项研究中，在核桃壳衍生的颗粒活性炭 (WGAC) 存在下，采用铝电极的三维电化学过程从合成水中去除双氯芬酸。使用响应面法确定最佳操作条件，并且在响应和自变量（活性炭量、接触时间、pH 和电解质浓度）之间建立了经验关系。结果表明，活性炭用量和NaCl浓度是对去除效率影响最大的因素，而对电能影响最大的因素是NaCl浓度。此外，颗粒状活性炭的三维电化学过程有可能在 1 到 9 的 pH 值范围内工作。获得最大去除效率和最小电能的最佳条件被确定为 4.36 g 颗粒活性炭、40 分钟接触时间和 4390 ppm NaCl。此外，为了显示活性炭的物理特性，应用场发射扫描电子显微镜和BET分析，并使用分光光度技术测定双氯芬酸浓度。考虑到高去除效率和低电能消耗，使用 WGAC 的三维电化学工艺可以被认为是从水和废水中去除双氯芬酸的一种经济有效且实用的方法。为了显示活性炭的物理特性，应用场发射扫描电子显微镜和BET分析，并使用分光光度法测定双氯芬酸浓度。考虑到高去除效率和低电能消耗，使用 WGAC 的三维电化学工艺可以被认为是从水和废水中去除双氯芬酸的一种经济有效且实用的方法。为了显示活性炭的物理特性，应用场发射扫描电子显微镜和BET分析，并使用分光光度法测定双氯芬酸浓度。考虑到高去除效率和低电能消耗，使用 WGAC 的三维电化学工艺可以被认为是从水和废水中去除双氯芬酸的一种经济有效且实用的方法。