People, especially young adults, often use their smartphones out of habit: They compulsively browse social networks, check emails, and play video-games with little or no awareness at all. While previous studies analyzed this phenomena qualitatively , e.g., by showing that users perceive it as meaningless and addictive, yet our understanding of how to discover smartphone habits and mitigate their disruptive effects is limited. Being able to automatically assess habitual smartphone use, in particular, might have different applications, e.g., to design better “digital wellbeing” solutions for mitigating meaningless habitual use. To close this gap, we first define a data analytic methodology based on clustering and association rules mining to automatically discover complex smartphone habits from mobile usage data. We assess the methodology over more than 130,000 phone usage sessions collected from users aged between 16 and 33, and we show evidence that smartphone habits of young adults can be characterized by various types of links between contextual situations and usage sessions, which are highly diversified and differently perceived across users. We then apply the proposed methodology in Socialize, a digital wellbeing app that (i) monitors habitual smartphone behaviors in real time and (ii) uses proactive notifications and just-in-time reminders to encourage users to avoid any identified smartphone habits they consider as meaningless. An in-the-wild study with 20 users (ages 19–31) demonstrates that Socialize can assist young adults in better controlling their smartphone usage with a significant reduction of their unwanted smartphone habits.

中文翻译：

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了解、发现和减少年轻人习惯性使用智能手机

人们，尤其是年轻人，经常出于习惯使用他们的智能手机：他们强迫性地浏览社交网络、查看电子邮件和玩电子游戏，而几乎没有意识或根本没有意识。虽然以前的研究分析了这种现象定性的，例如，通过表明用户认为它毫无意义且令人上瘾，但我们对如何发现智能手机习惯并减轻其破坏性影响的理解是有限的。尤其是能够自动评估习惯性智能手机的使用，可能有不同的应用，例如，设计更好的“数字健康”解决方案，以减轻无意义的习惯性使用。为了缩小这一差距，我们首先定义了一种基于聚类和关联规则挖掘的数据分析方法，以从移动使用数据中自动发现复杂的智能手机习惯。我们评估了从 16 至 33 岁的用户收集的超过 130,000 次电话使用会话的方法，并且我们证明年轻人的智能手机习惯可以通过上下文情境和使用会话之间的各种类型的联系来表征，它们在用户中具有高度多样化和不同的感知。然后，我们将建议的方法应用于 Socialize，这是一个数字健康应用程序，（一世）实时监控习惯性智能手机行为(二)使用主动通知和及时提醒来鼓励用户避免任何他们认为毫无意义的智能手机习惯。一项针对 20 位用户（19-31 岁）的野外研究表明，Socialize 可以帮助年轻人更好地控制他们的智能手机使用，显着减少他们不想要的智能手机习惯。