The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is one of the most harmful pests of crops in greenhouses and fields. Considering the need for studies that introduce new insecticides for control of the WFT, the leaf dip method was carried out to study the acute toxicity of Proteus, matrine, and pyridalyl to adult thrips, and life tables were constructed to assess the impacts of sublethal concentrations (LC25) of these insecticides on the development and reproduction of the F1 generation. Bioassays showed that the toxicity of matrine (LC50: 45.9 µl ml–1) and Proteus (LC50: 54.5 µl ml–1) was higher than pyridalyl (LC50: 176.5 µl ml–1). At LC25 concentration, both Proteus and matrine prolonged the development period and reduced the survival rate of eggs, larval stages, and pupae in the F1 generation. Also, the adults’ longevity, oviposition duration, and the cumulative number of eggs laid per female (fecundity) were decreased significantly. Sublethal concentrations of Proteus and matrine inhibited the population growth rate relative to the control based on the predicted number of offspring. The lowest net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) were estimated for Proteus (7.02 offspring/individual, 0. 0838 d–1, and 1. 08 d–1, respectively). In contrast, the WFT F1 generation that resulted from parent adults treated with pyridalyl was neither affected in their developmental time, nor fecundity, or the intrinsic rate of increase. According to our findings, all tested insecticides, especially Proteus, showed good potential for use in integrated pest management strategies against F. occidentalis.

中文翻译：

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变形杆菌、苦参碱和嘧啶对西弗兰克林菌（缨翅目：蓟马科）的致死和亚致死效应

西部花蓟马（WFT）、西洋蓟马（Pergande）是温室和田间作物中危害最大的害虫之一。考虑到需要引入新的杀虫剂来控制 WFT 的研究，采用浸叶法研究变形杆菌、苦参碱和 pyridalyl 对成年蓟马的急性毒性，并构建了生命表以评估亚致死浓度的影响（LC25）这些杀虫剂对F1代的发育和繁殖。生物测定表明苦参碱（LC50：45.9 µl ml-1）和变形杆菌（LC50：54.5 µl ml-1）的毒性高于嘧啶（LC50：176.5 µl ml-1）。在 LC25 浓度下，变形杆菌和苦参碱都延长了 F1 代的发育期，降低了卵、幼虫期和蛹的成活率。还有，大人的长寿，产卵时间和每只雌性的累积产卵数（繁殖力）显着下降。基于预测的后代数量，变形杆菌和苦参碱的亚致死浓度抑制了相对于对照的种群增长率。估计变形杆菌的最低净繁殖率 (R0)、内在增长率 (r) 和有限增长率 (λ)（7.02 个后代/个体、0. 0838 d-1 和 1. 08 d-1，分别）。相比之下，用pyridalyl处理的父母成虫产生的WFT F1代在其发育时间、繁殖力或内在增长率方面均未受到影响。根据我们的研究结果，所有经过测试的杀虫剂，尤其是变形杆菌，都显示出在针对 F. occidentalis 的综合害虫管理策略中使用的良好潜力。每个雌性的累积产卵数（繁殖力）显着下降。基于预测的后代数量，变形杆菌和苦参碱的亚致死浓度抑制了相对于对照的种群增长率。估计变形杆菌的最低净繁殖率 (R0)、内在增长率 (r) 和有限增长率 (λ)（7.02 个后代/个体、0. 0838 d-1 和 1. 08 d-1，分别）。相比之下，用pyridalyl处理的父母成虫产生的WFT F1代在其发育时间、繁殖力或内在增长率方面均未受到影响。根据我们的研究结果，所有经过测试的杀虫剂，尤其是变形杆菌，都显示出在针对 F. occidentalis 的综合害虫管理策略中使用的良好潜力。每个雌性的累积产卵数（繁殖力）显着下降。基于预测的后代数量，变形杆菌和苦参碱的亚致死浓度抑制了相对于对照的种群增长率。估计变形杆菌的最低净繁殖率 (R0)、内在增长率 (r) 和有限增长率 (λ)（7.02 个后代/个体、0. 0838 d-1 和 1. 08 d-1，分别）。相比之下，用pyridalyl处理的父母成虫产生的WFT F1代在其发育时间、繁殖力或内在增长率方面均未受到影响。根据我们的研究结果，所有经过测试的杀虫剂，尤其是变形杆菌，都显示出在针对 F. occidentalis 的综合害虫管理策略中使用的良好潜力。