The choriocapillaris is the innermost structure of the choroid that directly nourishes the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. This article provides an overview of its hemovasculogenesis development to achieve its final architecture as a lobular vasculature, and also summarizes the current histological and molecular knowledge about choriocapillaris and its dysfunction. After describing the existing state-of-the-art tools to image the choriocapillaris, we report the findings in the choriocapillaris encountered in the most frequent retinochoroidal diseases including vascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, myopia, pachychoroid disease spectrum disorders, and glaucoma. The final section focuses on the development of imaging technology to optimize visualization of the choriocapillaris as well as current treatments of retinochoroidal disorders that specifically target the choriocapillaris. We conclude the article with pertinent unanswered questions and future directions in research for the choriocapillaris.

脉络膜毛细血管是脉络膜最内层的结构，直接滋养视网膜色素上皮和感光细胞。本文概述了其血管生成发展以实现其作为小叶血管系统的最终结构，并总结了当前关于脉络膜毛细血管及其功能障碍的组织学和分子知识。在描述了现有最先进的脉络膜毛细血管成像工具之后，我们报告了脉络膜毛细血管中最常见的视网膜脉络膜疾病的发现，包括血管疾病、炎症性疾病、近视、厚脉络膜疾病谱系障碍和青光眼。最后一节重点介绍成像技术的发展，以优化脉络膜毛细血管的可视化，以及目前专门针对脉络膜毛细血管的视网膜脉络膜疾病的治疗。我们以未回答的相关问题和脉络膜毛细血管的未来研究方向结束本文。