Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by motor and non-motor features. Although some progress has been made in conventional PD treatments, these breakthroughs have yet to show high efficacy in treating this neurodegenerative disease. Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host when administered in adequate amounts. Probiotics have putative anticancer, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Multiple lines of evidence show that probiotics control and improve several motor and non-motor symptoms in patients and experimental animal models of PD. Probiotic supplementation mediates these pharmacological effects by targeting a variety of cellular and molecular processes, i.e., oxidative stress, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways, as well as apoptosis. Herein, we summarize the effects of probiotics on motor and non-motor symptoms as well as various cellular and molecular pathways in PD.

帕金森病 (PD) 是一种以运动和非运动特征为特征的进行性神经系统疾病。尽管在常规 PD 治疗方面取得了一些进展，但这些突破尚未显示出治疗这种神经退行性疾病的高疗效。益生菌是活的微生物，当摄入足够量时，它们会给宿主带来健康益处。益生菌具有公认的抗癌、抗氧化、抗炎和神经保护作用。多条证据表明，益生菌可以控制和改善 PD 患者和实验动物模型的几种运动和非运动症状。益生菌补充剂通过靶向多种细胞和分子过程（即氧化应激、炎症和抗炎途径以及细胞凋亡）来介导这些药理作用。