Intercropping is often proposed as a valid agroecological tool for low-input arable farming, but few studies assess it at the farm level. We set up a farm experiment to test a wheat-Persian clover temporary intercropping system (Pcw, unfertilized wheat sown at 330 seeds m⁻², and clover sown in paired rows; Pcwbc, unfertilized wheat sown at 330 seeds m⁻², and clover broadcast sown) against a farm system control treatment (Ctrl, fertilized wheat as a sole crop sown in single rows at 440 seeds m⁻²) and a factorial control treatment (Ctrlpr, unfertilized wheat as a sole crop, sown in paired rows at 330 seeds m⁻²). Persian clover in Pcw/Pcwbc was incorporated into the soil at the wheat stem elongation phase. At early stages, wheat biomass and nitrogen accumulation in Pcw/Pcwbc was significantly lower than in Ctrl; the same parameters were lower in Pcw/Pcwbc compared to Ctrlpr, but not significantly different. At harvest, wheat grain yield in Pcw was not significantly reduced compared to Ctrlpr, but it was around 20% lower than in Ctrl. Grain yield and N accumulation in Pcwbc at harvest were lower than Ctrl and Ctrlpr. Wheat grain protein content was 16% and 24% higher in Pcw and Pcwbc, respectively, than in Ctrlpr, and 15% and 28% compared to Ctrl. None of the treatments was economically viable from a farming perspective, although Pcw showed less economic losses, as the higher protein level raises the grain prices. Overall, the insertion of Persian clover in a temporary intercropping system reduces grain yield compared to wheat customarily sown, while simultaneously improving wheat grain protein content. No clear indication on the effect of intercropping on weed dynamics can be given.

间作通常被认为是低投入耕作的有效农业生态工具，但很少有研究在农场层面对其进行评估。我们建立了一个农场试验来测试小麦-波斯三叶草临时间作系统（Pcw，330 粒米^-2播种的未受精小麦，成对行播种；Pcwbc，330 粒米^-2播种的未受精小麦和三叶广播播种）针对农场系统控制处理（Ctrl，受精小麦作为单一作物以 440 粒 m ^-2单行播种）和因子控制处理（Ctrlpr，未受精小麦作为唯一作物，在 330 度时成对行播种）种子 m ^-2）。Pcw/Pcwbc 中的波斯三叶草在小麦茎伸长阶段被掺入土壤中。在早期阶段，Pcw/Pcwbc 小麦生物量和氮积累显着低于 Ctrl；与 Ctrlpr 相比，Pcw/Pcwbc 中的相同参数较低，但没有显着差异。收获时，与 Ctrlpr 相比，Pcw 的小麦籽粒产量没有显着降低，但比 Ctrl 低约 20%。收获时 Pcwbc 的谷物产量和氮积累低于 Ctrl 和 Ctrlpr。Pcw 和 Pcwbc 中小麦籽粒蛋白质含量分别比 Ctrlpr 高 16% 和 24%，比 Ctrl 高 15% 和 28%。从农业的角度来看，没有一种处理在经济上可行，尽管 Pcw 的经济损失较小，因为较高的蛋白质水平提高了谷物价格。全面的，与通常播种的小麦相比，将波斯三叶草插入临时间作系统会降低谷物产量，同时提高小麦谷物蛋白质含量。没有明确说明间作对杂草动态的影响。