Purpose

The authors track the well-being of individuals across five European countries during the course of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and relate their well-being to working from home. The authors also consider the role of pandemic-policy stringency in affecting well-being in Europe.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors have four waves of novel harmonised longitudinal data in France, Italy, Germany, Spain and Sweden, covering the period May–November 2020. Well-being is measured in five dimensions: life satisfaction, a worthwhile life, loneliness, depression and anxiety. A retrospective diary indicates whether the individual was working in each month since February 2020 and if so whether at home or not at home. Policy stringency is matched in per country at the daily level. The authors consider both cross-section and panel regressions and the mediating and moderating effects of control variables, including household variables and income.

Findings

Well-being among workers is lower for those who work from home, and those who are not working have the lowest well-being of all. The panel results are more mitigated, with switching into working at home yielding a small drop in anxiety. The panel and cross-section difference could reflect adaptation or the selection of certain types of individuals into working at home. Policy stringency is always negatively correlated with well-being. The authors find no mediation effects. The well-being penalty from working at home is larger for the older, the better-educated, those with young children and those with more crowded housing.

Originality/value

The harmonised cross-country panel data on individuals' experiences during COVID-19 are novel. The authors relate working from home and policy stringency to multiple well-being measures. The authors emphasise the effect of working from home on not only the level of well-being but also its distribution.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19 期间的幸福感和在家工作

目的

作者跟踪了 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 大流行期间五个欧洲国家/地区个人的健康状况，并将他们的健康状况与在家工作联系起来。作者还考虑了大流行政策严格在影响欧洲福祉方面的作用。

设计/方法/方法

作者在法国、意大利、德国、西班牙和瑞典拥有四波新颖的统一纵向数据，涵盖 2020 年 5 月至 11 月期间。幸福感从五个维度衡量：生活满意度、有价值的生活、孤独、抑郁和焦虑. 回顾日记表明个人自 2020 年 2 月以来是否每个月都在工作，如果是，则是在家还是不在家。每个国家的政策严格程度在日常水平上是相匹配的。作者考虑了横截面回归和面板回归以及控制变量（包括家庭变量和收入）的中介和调节效应。

发现

在家工作的工人的幸福感较低，而那些不工作的人的幸福感最低。小组结果更加缓和，转为在家工作后，焦虑程度略有下降。面板和横截面的差异可以反映某些类型的个人对在家工作的适应或选择。政策的严格性总是与福祉呈负相关。作者发现没有中介效应。在家工作对年长者、受过良好教育的人、有小孩的人以及住房更拥挤的人的福祉损失更大。

原创性/价值

关于 COVID-19 期间个人经历的统一跨国面板数据是新颖的。作者将在家工作和政策严格性与多种福利措施联系起来。作者强调了在家工作不仅对幸福水平而且对幸福分布的影响。