This study investigated trajectories of concomitant internalising, externalising, and peer problems, and associated risk factors for group-membership, using a person-centered approach to better understand heterogeneity in subgroups identified. A cohort of 7,507 children in Ireland was followed from infancy to late childhood (50.3%, males; 84.9% Irish). The parent-version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used when children were 3, 5, 7 and 9 years of age. Information on antecedent risk factors was collected when children were 9 months. Group-based multi-trajectory modelling and multinomial logistic regression were used. Six subgroups of children with distinct profiles were identified, evidencing both homotypic and heterotypic comorbidity. No support of a ‘pure’ internalising, externalising or peer problems group was found in any identified trajectory group. Difficulties in one problem domain indicated the presence of difficulty in another problem domain for all children in elevated groups. Risk factors associated with group-membership were complex, with only three common factors across elevated groups: prenatal exposure to smoking, maternal education, and maternal stress. Specific risk factors for group-membership included low birth weight, sex, maternal age, maternal depression, family composition, social class, medical card status and quality of attachment. Despite some overlap in predictors, the combination of predictors specific to each group would suggest tailored programming. For children with the most acute problems, programming targets should include families with boys, born with low birth weight, exposed to smoking prenatally, with mothers who have lower levels of education, postnatal depression, increased stress and fewer financial resources.

本研究调查了伴随内化、外化和同伴问题的轨迹，以及与群体成员相关的风险因素，使用以人为中心的方法来更好地了解所确定的亚组的异质性。爱尔兰的 7,507 名儿童从婴儿期到儿童后期进行了跟踪调查（50.3%，男性；84.9% 爱尔兰）。当孩子 3、5、7 和 9 岁时，使用了家长版的优势和困难问卷。在儿童 9 个月时收集有关先前危险因素的信息。使用基于组的多轨迹建模和多项逻辑回归。确定了六个具有不同特征的儿童亚组，证明了同型和异型合并症。不支持“纯粹”的内化，在任何确定的轨迹组中都发现了外化或同伴问题组。在一个问题领域中的困难表明，对于高级群体中的所有儿童来说，在另一个问题领域中存在困难。与群体成员相关的风险因素很复杂，在较高的群体中只有三个共同因素：产前吸烟、母亲教育和母亲压力。群体成员的具体风险因素包括低出生体重、性别、母亲年龄、母亲抑郁、家庭构成、社会阶层、医疗卡状况和依恋质量。尽管预测变量存在一些重叠，但特定于每个组的预测变量的组合会建议量身定制的编程。对于问题最严重的儿童，规划目标应包括有男孩、出生体重低、