Regional differences in climate vulnerability are particularly important in many countries with socio-ecological gradients or geographical and environmental spatial segregation. Many studies are regularly performed at the national level, but regional assessments can provide more detailed information and important insights into intra-national vulnerabilities. They require detailed information of many socio-ecological components that are often neglected at the regional scale but are meaningful and operational at national and international levels. In this work, we developed a climate vulnerability assessment (CVA) to investigate the vulnerability of demersal fisheries based on 19 indicators covering exposure, fisheries sensitivity, species sensitivity (SS) and adaptive capacity (AC) for nine coastal regions of Spain, contrasting the Mediterranean to Atlantic areas. Exposure was consistently larger in the Mediterranean than Atlantic regions, while AC showed the opposite trend. While fisheries and SS did not display a clear Atlantic-Mediterranean pattern, they were critical for capturing regional differences that have an impact on fisheries vulnerability. Our results highlight the generally higher vulnerability of Mediterranean demersal fisheries, mainly due to the lower AC and higher exposure of Mediterranean regions, while providing key regional elements for guiding national and international actions for adaptation. This study demonstrates that the spatial scale considered in the development of CVAs must recognise the spatial heterogeneity in the socio-ecological system within its unit of analysis in order to be a relevant tool for management and policy makers.

中文翻译：

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区域差异对底层渔业气候变化脆弱性的重要性

在许多具有社会生态梯度或地理和环境空间隔离的国家，气候脆弱性的区域差异尤为重要。许多研究在国家层面定期进行，但区域评估可以提供更详细的信息和对国内脆弱性的重要见解。它们需要许多社会生态成分的详细信息，这些成分在区域范围内常常被忽视，但在国家和国际层面却是有意义和可操作的。在这项工作中，我们开发了一项气候脆弱性评估 (CVA)，以根据 19 项指标调查底层渔业的脆弱性，这些指标涵盖西班牙九个沿海地区的暴露、渔业敏感性、物种敏感性 (SS) 和适应能力 (AC)，对比地中海和大西洋地区。地中海地区的暴露量始终大于大西洋地区，而 AC 则呈现相反的趋势。虽然渔业和 SS 没有显示出明显的大西洋-地中海模式，但它们对于捕捉对渔业脆弱性有影响的区域差异至关重要。我们的结果突出了地中海底层渔业普遍较高的脆弱性，主要是由于地中海地区较低的 AC 和较高的暴露度，同时为指导国家和国际适应行动提供了关键的区域要素。