This article analyses the structural conditions within the jus ad bellum that affect whether and how that law changes. In particular, it examines how the diversity of the rules that form the law relating to the use of force affects the development of rules permitting the use of force to protect human rights. After noting some areas where it has been argued that aspects of the law relating to use of force have changed as a result of evolving state practice, it identifies a number of obstacles to accepting the argument that changes to customary international law can affect the law on the use of force in the UN Charter. It is argued that, unlike with self-defence, changes to customary international law would not automatically lead to changes in the Charter prohibition of the use of force. Since any rule permitting humanitarian intervention would create a new exception to the Charter prohibition of the use of force and to a norm of jus cogens, that change cannot occur on the basis of custom alone. Changes to interpretations of the UN Charter and to a jus cogens norm will be required, and such changes must occur in line with the rules regarding how such norms change. Finally, the article considers one concrete possibility for a change to the jus ad bellum that would allow humanitarian intervention without UN Security Council approval: approval of such a use of force by the UN General Assembly under the ‘Uniting for Peace’ Resolution of 1950. Leaving aside the political and practical challenges of achieving such change, the section explores the conceptual challenges that would need to be overcome.

中文翻译：

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使用武力改变法律规则多样性的影响

本文分析了诉诸战争法中影响该法律是否以及如何改变的结构条件。特别是，它研究了构成有关使用武力的法律的规则的多样性如何影响允许使用武力保护人权的规则的发展。在注意到一些领域有人认为与使用武力有关的法律方面由于国家实践的演变而发生了变化之后，它指出了一些障碍，阻碍了接受习惯国际法的变化可能影响国际法的论点。 《联合国宪章》中的武力使用。有人认为，与自卫不同，习惯国际法的改变不会自动导致《宪章》禁止使用武力的改变。由于任何允许人道主义干预的规则都会对《宪章》禁止使用武力和强制法规范产生新的例外，因此这种变化不能仅基于习惯而发生。将需要对《联合国宪章》和强制法规范的解释进行更改，并且此类更改必须符合有关此类规范如何更改的规则。最后，文章考虑了改变诉诸战争权的一种具体可能性，即允许在未经联合国安理会批准的情况下进行人道主义干预：联合国大会根据 1950 年的“团结一致争取和平”决议批准这种武力使用。撇开实现这种变革的政治和实际挑战不谈，本节探讨了需要克服的概念挑战。