Conspicuous trees and other perennial plants in smallholders’ farms have been acknowledged for their biodiversity conservation values. Impacts of agroforestry practices, elevation gradients, wealth status on perennial plant composition, diversity, and structure were empirically assessed. Four agroforestry practices were considered, namely, dispersed trees in perennial crops, homesteads, boundary plantations, and woodlots. In all, 540 sample plots were randomly selected and surveyed. A total of 138 perennial plant species belongs to 113 genera and 62 families were identified and recorded. Of the species, 79% were trees, 18% shrubs, and 3% non-woody perennials. Also, 83% of identified plant species were native. A substantial proportion of the species (71%) were naturally regenerated. The highest native woody plant species were found in homesteads (75%) and the least in woodlots (15%). Dimensionality in species compositions across agroforestry practices was graphically displayed using none-metric multidimensional scaling and there were significant differences (p < 0.001). Species richness was significantly highest in homesteads (72.3 ± 3.5), while Shannon diversity (2.5 ± 0.2) in boundary plantation (p < 0.001). Middle altitude and rich households had harbored significantly the highest species richness, Shannon diversity index, and Simpson evenness index (p < 0.05). The general linear model showed the primary interactions of determinants had significantly positive effects on biodiversity values (p < 0.001). The study reveals agroforestry interventions should consider agroforestry practices, socioeconomic settings, elevation gradients, and interactions among them in favoring or disfavoring the growing of native perennial plant species on the agricultural landscape in the central highland of Ethiopia and beyond in the tropics.

小农农场中显眼的树木和其他多年生植物因其生物多样性保护价值而得到认可。根据经验评估了农林业做法、海拔梯度、财富状况对多年生植物组成、多样性和结构的影响。考虑了四种农林业做法，即在多年生作物、宅基地、边界种植园和林地中散布树木。共随机抽取540个样地进行调查。共鉴定和记录了138种多年生植物113属62科。在这些物种中，79% 是乔木，18% 是灌木，3% 是非木本多年生植物。此外，83% 的已识别植物物种是本地的。相当大比例的物种 (71%) 是自然再生的。在宅基地中发现的原生木本植物种类最多 (75%)，在林地中最少 (15%)。使用非度量多维标度以图形方式显示跨农林业实践中物种组成的维度，并且存在显着差异（p  < 0.001)。宅基地的物种丰富度最高 (72.3 ± 3.5)，而边界种植园的香农多样性 (2.5 ± 0.2) ( p  < 0.001)。中海拔和富裕家庭的物种丰富度、香农多样性指数和辛普森均匀度指数显着最高（p  < 0.05）。一般线性模型表明决定因素的主要相互作用对生物多样性价值有显着的正向影响（p < 0.001)。该研究表明，农林干预措施应考虑农林实践、社会经济环境、海拔梯度以及它们之间的相互作用，以利于或不利于在埃塞俄比亚中部高地及其他热带地区的农业景观中种植本地多年生植物物种。