This article provides an overview of diagnostic evaluation and ablation treatment assessment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Only studies, in the English language from January 2010 to January 202, evaluating the diagnostic tools and assessment of ablative therapies in HCC patients were included. We found 173 clinical studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria. HCC may be noninvasively diagnosed by imaging findings. Multiphase contrast-enhanced imaging is necessary to assess HCC. Intravenous extracellular contrast agents are used for CT, while the agents used for MRI may be extracellular or hepatobiliary. Both gadoxetate disodium and gadobenate dimeglumine may be used in hepatobiliary phase imaging. For treatment-naive patients undergoing CT, unenhanced imaging is optional; however, it is required in the post treatment setting for CT and all MRI studies. Late arterial phase is strongly preferred over early arterial phase. The choice of modality (CT, US/CEUS or MRI) and MRI contrast agent (extracelllar or hepatobiliary) depends on patient, institutional, and regional factors. MRI allows to link morfological and functional data in the HCC evaluation. Also, Radiomics is an emerging field in the assessment of HCC patients. Postablation imaging is necessary to assess the treatment results, to monitor evolution of the ablated tissue over time, and to evaluate for complications. Post- thermal treatments, imaging should be performed at regularly scheduled intervals to assess treatment response and to evaluate for new lesions and potential complications.

中文翻译：

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肝细胞癌的诊断评估和消融治疗评估

本文概述了肝细胞癌 (HCC) 的诊断评估和消融治疗评估。仅纳入 2010 年 1 月至 202 年 1 月期间的英文研究，评估 HCC 患者的诊断工具和消融治疗评估。我们找到了 173 项符合纳入标准的临床研究。HCC 可以通过影像学检查结果进行非侵入性诊断。多相对比增强成像对于评估 HCC 是必要的。CT 使用静脉注射细胞外造影剂，而 MRI 使用的造影剂可能是细胞外造影剂或肝胆造影剂。钆塞酸二钠和钆贝酸二葡胺均可用于肝胆期成像。对于接受 CT 治疗的初治患者，可以选择非增强成像；然而，CT 和所有 MRI 研究的治疗后环境都需要它。晚动脉期优于早动脉期。模式（CT、US/CEUS 或 MRI）和 MRI 造影剂（细胞外或肝胆）的选择取决于患者、机构和区域因素。MRI 可以将 HCC 评估中的形态学和功能数据联系起来。此外，放射组学是评估 HCC 患者的一个新兴领域。消融后成像对于评估治疗结果、监测消融组织随时间的演变以及评估并发症是必要的。热治疗后，应定期进行影像学检查，以评估治疗反应并评估新病变和潜在并发症。