Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies are advanced manufacturing technologies based on computer-aided design digital models to create personalized 3D objects automatically. They have been widely used in the industry, design, engineering, and manufacturing fields for nearly 30 years. Three-dimensional printing has many advantages in process engineering, with applications in dentistry ranging from the field of prosthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and oral implantology to orthodontics, endodontics, and periodontology. This review provides a practical and scientific overview of 3D printing technologies. First, it introduces current 3D printing technologies, including powder bed fusion, photopolymerization molding, and fused deposition modeling. Additionally, it introduces various factors affecting 3D printing metrics, such as mechanical properties and accuracy. The final section presents a summary of the clinical applications of 3D printing in dentistry, including manufacturing working models and main applications in the fields of prosthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and oral implantology. The 3D printing technologies have the advantages of high material utilization and the ability to manufacture a single complex geometry; nevertheless, they have the disadvantages of high cost and time-consuming postprocessing. The development of new materials and technologies will be the future trend of 3D printing in dentistry, and there is no denying that 3D printing will have a bright future.

中文翻译：

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牙科 3D 打印回顾：技术、影响因素和应用

三维 (3D) 打印技术是基于计算机辅助设计数字模型自动创建个性化 3D 对象的先进制造技术。近30年来，它们已广泛应用于工业、设计、工程和制造领域。三维打印在工艺工程方面具有许多优势，在牙科领域的应用范围从修复学、口腔颌面外科和口腔种植学到正畸学、牙髓学和牙周病学。本综述提供了 3D 打印技术的实用和科学概述。首先，介绍了当前的3D打印技术，包括粉末床融合、光聚合成型和熔融沉积成型。此外，它还介绍了影响 3D 打印指标的各种因素，如机械性能和精度。最后一部分总结了 3D 打印在牙科中的临床应用，包括制造工作模型和在修复学、口腔颌面外科和口腔种植学领域的主要应用。3D打印技术具有材料利用率高和能够制造单一复杂几何体的优势；然而，它们具有成本高和后处理耗时的缺点。新材料和新技术的发展将是牙科3D打印的未来趋势，不可否认3D打印的前景是光明的。包括制造工作模型和在口腔修复、口腔颌面外科和口腔种植学领域的主要应用。3D打印技术具有材料利用率高和能够制造单一复杂几何体的优势；然而，它们具有成本高和后处理耗时的缺点。新材料和新技术的发展将是牙科3D打印的未来趋势，不可否认3D打印的前景是光明的。包括制造工作模型和在口腔修复、口腔颌面外科和口腔种植学领域的主要应用。3D打印技术具有材料利用率高和能够制造单一复杂几何体的优势；然而，它们具有成本高和后处理耗时的缺点。新材料和新技术的发展将是牙科3D打印的未来趋势，不可否认3D打印的前景是光明的。它们具有成本高和后处理耗时的缺点。新材料和新技术的发展将是牙科3D打印的未来趋势，不可否认3D打印的前景是光明的。它们具有成本高和后处理耗时的缺点。新材料和新技术的发展将是牙科3D打印的未来趋势，不可否认3D打印的前景是光明的。