In-flight ice accretion on typical pitot-static systems is numerically investigated to reveal their performance deterioration under both rime and glaze icing. Coupled with the open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) platform, OpenFOAM, the numerical strategy integrates the airflow determination by the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, droplet collection evaluation by Eulerian representation, and ice accumulation by mass and energy conservation. Under varying inflow conditions and wall temperatures, the calculated ice accretion performance indicates that the ambient temperature has the most significant effect on the icing-induced failure time, leading to an almost exponential growth. Meanwhile, the blocking time is found to be linearly proportional to the increase in wall temperature. With the increase in inflow velocity, the failure time follows a parabolic variation with glaze ice accretion while shows a monotonic reduction under rime icing conditions. In addition, when the angle of attack increases, failure accelerates under both the glaze and rime icing scenarios. These findings provide guidance for the protection design of pitot tubes. A nonlinear regression analysis is further conducted to estimate the failure performance. The predicated failure times show reliable consistency with numerical results, demonstrating the capability of the obtained empirical functions for convenient predictions of failure times within the applicable range.

中文翻译：

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飞行中积冰导致皮托管性能下降：数值调查

对典型的皮托静压系统的飞行中积冰进行了数值研究，以揭示它们在霜冻和釉面结冰下的性能恶化。结合开源计算流体动力学 (CFD) 平台 OpenFOAM，数值策略集成了雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯方程的气流确定、欧拉表示的液滴收集评估以及质量和能量守恒的积冰。在不同的流入条件和壁温下，计算的积冰性能表明环境温度对结冰引起的破坏时间的影响最显着，导致几乎呈指数增长。同时，发现阻塞时间与壁温的增加成线性比例。随着流入速度的增加，失效时间随着釉面积冰呈抛物线变化，而在霜冻条件下则显示单调减少。此外，当攻角增加时，在釉面和雾面结冰情况下失效都会加速。这些发现为皮托管的保护设计提供了指导。进一步进行非线性回归分析以估计失效性能。预测的失效时间与数值结果显示出可靠的一致性，证明了所获得的经验函数能够在适用范围内方便地预测失效时间。在釉面和雾面结冰情况下，故障都会加速。这些发现为皮托管的保护设计提供了指导。进一步进行非线性回归分析以估计失效性能。预测的失效时间与数值结果显示出可靠的一致性，证明了所获得的经验函数能够在适用范围内方便地预测失效时间。在釉面和雾面结冰情况下，故障都会加速。这些发现为皮托管的保护设计提供了指导。进一步进行非线性回归分析以估计失效性能。预测的失效时间与数值结果显示出可靠的一致性，证明了所获得的经验函数能够在适用范围内方便地预测失效时间。