The widespread use of pesticides along with the simplification of the landscape has had undesirable effects on agroecosystems, such as the loss of biodiversity and the associated ecosystem service biological control. How current production systems can be remodelled to allow for a re-establishment of biological pest control, while preserving productivity, is a major challenge. Here, we tested whether a combination of tools could augment or synergize biological control of insect pests in apple (Malus domestica), comprised of a tortricid pest complex, a geometrid pest complex and the rosy apple aphid. The tools aimed at disrupting mating behaviour of multiple pest species (multispecies mating disruption, “Disrupt”, MMD), attracting natural enemies (a blend of herbivory-induced volatiles, “Attract”, A), or providing refuge and rewards for a diverse insect community (perennial flower strip, “Reward”, R) over a 3-year period. Suction samples were consistently richer in generalist predators but not in parasitoids when multiple tools including MMD + A + R or MMD + A were employed. In addition, lepidopteran pest levels were significantly lower in these plots than in MMD or MMD + R at the end of the 3-year experiment. This was, however, not reflected in survival of artificially established aphid colonies. Our data indicates that multiple, complementary tools can greatly enhance natural enemy level, but also that long-term implementation is needed to fully realize the augmentatory or synergistic potential of complementary components and restore biological control as an ecosystem service of practical relevance.

农药的广泛使用以及景观的简化对农业生态系统产生了不良影响，例如生物多样性的丧失和相关的生态系统服务生物控制。如何改造当前的生产系统以重新建立生物害虫防治，同时保持生产力，是一个重大挑战。在这里，我们测试了组合工具是否可以增强或协同对苹果 ( Malusdomesica ) 害虫的生物防治，该害虫由一种tortricid 害虫复合物组成，一种几何害虫复合体和玫瑰苹果蚜。这些工具旨在扰乱多种害虫物种的交配行为（多物种交配中断，“扰乱”，MMD），吸引天敌（草食诱发的挥发物的混合物，“吸引”，A），或为多样化的物种提供庇护和奖励昆虫群落（多年生花带，“奖励”，R）超过 3 年。当使用包括 MMD + A + R 或 MMD + A 在内的多种工具时，吸食样本在通才捕食者中一直更丰富，但在寄生蜂中则不然。此外，在 3 年试验结束时，这些地块中的鳞翅目害虫水平显着低于 MMD 或 MMD + R。然而，这并没有反映在人工建立的蚜虫群落的存活中。我们的数据表明，多种互补的工具可以极大地提升天敌等级，