Wind, wave and seismic loading induced excessive vibration of offshore wind turbines (OWTs) impairs the wind turbine energy output and escalates its fatigue damage. The present study proposes a three-dimensional adaptive pendulum tuned mass damper (3D-APTMD) to control the bidirectional dynamic responses of monopile OWTs exposed to combined wind, wave, seismic loading, and time-varying structural properties. In terms of the proposed adaptive tuning algorithm, the natural frequency and damping property of the 3D-APTMD are tuned in real time to match the wind turbine time-varying dominant frequency caused by environmental and/or structural property variations. Performance of the developed adaptive damper is examined on a monopile 5-MW (megawatt) baseline wind turbine subjected to representative wind, wave, and seismic loading. Time-varying stiffness of the tower and foundation is introduced to simulate damage evolution during service life. A three-dimensional pendulum tuned mass damper (3D-PTMD) and dual linear TMDs (2TMD) are used for comparison. Research results show that when damage occurs, 3D-PTMD and 2TMD become partially off-tuned and less effective. In comparison, the 3D-APTMD which is tuned in real time maintains its effectiveness. It can improve the reduction effect by around 25% and 30% when compared with the 3D-PTMD and 2TMD, respectively. Therefore, the proposed 3D-APTMD is promising for real application to protect OWTs, high-rise buildings, chimneys, and other types of slender structures suffering from excessive bidirectional vibration, and environmental, operational, and/or structural property variations.

中文翻译：

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具有时变结构特性的海上风力发电机的自适应双向动态响应控制

风、波浪和地震载荷引起的海上风力涡轮机 (OWT) 的过度振动会削弱风力涡轮机的能量输出并加剧其疲劳损坏。本研究提出了一种三维自适应摆调谐质量阻尼器 (3D-APTMD) 来控制暴露于风、波浪、地震载荷和时变结构特性的单桩 OWT 的双向动态响应。就提出的自适应调谐算法而言，3D-APTMD 的固有频率和阻尼特性被实时调谐，以匹配由环境和/或结构特性变化引起的风力涡轮机时变主频率。在承受代表性风、波浪和地震载荷的单桩 5 兆瓦（兆瓦）基线风力涡轮机上检查开发的自适应阻尼器的性能。引入了塔架和基础的时变刚度来模拟使用寿命期间的损坏演变。三维摆调谐质量阻尼器 (3D-PTMD) 和双线性 TMD (2TMD) 用于比较。研究结果表明，当发生损坏时，3D-PTMD 和 2TMD 会部分失调且效果较差。相比之下，实时调整的 3D-APTMD 保持其有效性。可以将还原效果提高25左右 实时调整的 3D-APTMD 保持其有效性。可以将还原效果提高25左右 实时调整的 3D-APTMD 保持其有效性。可以将还原效果提高25左右%和 30 %，分别与 3D-PTMD 和 2TMD 相比。因此，所提出的 3D-APTMD 有望在实际应用中保护 OWT、高层建筑、烟囱和其他类型的细长结构，这些结构遭受过度的双向振动，以及环境、操作和/或结构特性的变化。