Cell-based models in avian species have historically focused on virology due to the demands of animal agriculture and vaccine production industries. Recent years have witnessed a gradual rise in the use of these models (in ovo, cell lines, primary cell cultures, organ slices, and organ-on-a-chip) in ecotoxicological studies as scientists and governments begin the shift to new approach methodologies, a shift validated by the recent memo by the Environmental Protection Agency announcing the end of mammalian testing in the next two decades. This rise has been hindered by the limited standards available for avian species and the unknowns surrounding cell-based assay applicability in extrapolation to in vivo. Toxicologists have incorporated these models in many different studies, including maternal deposition, mechanistic, metabolic, and non-target analysis methods, demonstrating the broad utility of cell-based assays. In ovo methods are ideal for reproductive and early life stage development studies, primary cell cultures for metabolic analysis, cell lines for long term studies requiring culture, organ slices for metabolic research, and organ-on-a-chip models for predictive analysis. These models all have their limitations that researchers need to consider when choosing which is most appropriate for the intended research, however. The current indications are that future avian cell-based model testing would benefit from expanding the species diversity available in cell lines and increasing metabolic conservation in full replacement methods. In ovo and primary cell culture methods should also be examined to increase efficiency and further reduce animal usage. This review examines the use, limitations, and published applications of these models in an ecotoxicological context to understand the current state of avian cell-based models to explain what future directions should be taken and how best to apply the methods available to current problems that avian researchers are approaching.

由于畜牧业和疫苗生产行业的需求，禽类中基于细胞的模型历来侧重于病毒学。近年来，随着科学家和政府开始转向新的方法方法，生态毒理学研究中这些模型（卵内、细胞系、原代细胞培养物、器官切片和芯片上的器官）的使用逐渐增加。，最近的备忘录证实了转变由环境保护代办处宣布哺乳动物测试在未来二十年的结束。这种上升受到鸟类物种可用标准有限以及围绕基于细胞的检测适用于体内外推的未知因素的阻碍。. 毒理学家已将这些模型纳入许多不同的研究，包括母体沉积、机制、代谢和非目标分析方法，证明了基于细胞的检测的广泛用途。卵内方法非常适用于生殖和早期生命阶段发育研究、用于代谢分析的原代细胞培养、用于需要培养的长期研究的细胞系、用于代谢研究的器官切片以及用于预测分析的器官芯片模型。然而，这些模型都有其局限性，研究人员在选择最适合预期研究的模型时需要考虑这些局限性。目前的迹象表明，未来基于禽类细胞的模型测试将受益于扩大细胞系中可用的物种多样性和增加完全替代方法中的代谢保守性。卵内还应检查原代细胞培养方法以提高效率并进一步减少动物使用。本综述审查了这些模型在生态毒理学背景下的使用、局限性和已发表的应用，以了解基于禽细胞的模型的当前状态，以解释未来应采取的方向以及如何最好地应用现有的方法来解决禽类的当前问题。研究人员正在接近。