Obesity is a global pandemic with a large health and economic burden worldwide. Bodyweight is regulated by the ability of the CNS, and especially the hypothalamus, to orchestrate the function of peripheral organs that play a key role in metabolism. Gut hormones play a fundamental role in the regulation of energy balance, as they modulate not only feeding behavior but also energy expenditure and nutrient partitioning. This review examines the recent discoveries about hormones produced in the stomach and gut, which have been reported to regulate food intake and energy expenditure in preclinical models. Some of these hormones act on the hypothalamus to modulate thermogenesis and adiposity in a food intake-independent fashion. Finally, the association of these gut hormones to eating, energy expenditure, and weight loss after bariatric surgery in humans is discussed.

中文翻译：

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内分泌学机制：肠脑轴：独立于食物摄入调节能量平衡。


肥胖是一种全球性流行病，给全世界带来巨大的健康和经济负担。体重由中枢神经系统（尤其是下丘脑）的能力调节，协调在新陈代谢中发挥关键作用的外周器官的功能。肠道激素在能量平衡调节中发挥着重要作用，因为它们不仅调节摄食行为，还调节能量消耗和营养分配。这篇综述探讨了关于胃和肠道中产生的激素的最新发现，据报道这些激素可以在临床前模型中调节食物摄入和能量消耗。其中一些激素作用于下丘脑，以与食物摄入无关的方式调节产热和肥胖。最后，讨论了这些肠道激素与人类减肥手术后饮食、能量消耗和体重减轻的关系。