Obesity is a global pandemic with a large health and economic burden worldwide. Bodyweight is regulated by the ability of the CNS, and especially the hypothalamus, to orchestrate the function of peripheral organs that play a key role in metabolism. Gut hormones play a fundamental role in the regulation of energy balance, as they modulate not only feeding behavior but also energy expenditure and nutrient partitioning. This review examines the recent discoveries about hormones produced in the stomach and gut, which have been reported to regulate food intake and energy expenditure in preclinical models. Some of these hormones act on the hypothalamus to modulate thermogenesis and adiposity in a food intake-independent fashion. Finally, the association of these gut hormones to eating, energy expenditure, and weight loss after bariatric surgery in humans is discussed.

中文翻译：

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内分泌学机制：肠脑轴：独立于食物摄入调节能量平衡。

肥胖症是一种全球流行病，在全球范围内造成巨大的健康和经济负担。体重受中枢神经系统（尤其是下丘脑）协调外周器官功能的能力的调节，这些器官在新陈代谢中起关键作用。肠道激素在调节能量平衡方面发挥着重要作用，因为它们不仅调节进食行为，而且调节能量消耗和营养分配。本综述研究了最近关于胃和肠道中产生的激素的发现，据报道，这些激素在临床前模型中可调节食物摄入和能量消耗。其中一些激素作用于下丘脑，以独立于食物摄入的方式调节产热和肥胖。最后，这些肠道激素与饮食、能量消耗的关联，