This work aims to establish a theoretical framework for the modeling of bubble nucleation in histotripsy. A phenomenological version of the classical nucleation theory was parametrized with histotripsy experimental data, fitting a temperature-dependent activity factor that harmonizes theoretical predictions and experimental data for bubble nucleation at both high and low temperatures. Simulations of histotripsy pressure and temperature fields are then used in order to understand spatial and temporal properties of bubble nucleation at varying sonication conditions. This modeling framework offers a thermodynamic understanding on the role of the ultrasound frequency, waveforms, peak focal pressures, and duty cycle on patterns of ultrasound-induced bubble nucleation. It was found that at temperatures lower than 50 °C, nucleation rates are more appreciable at very large negative pressures such as -30 MPa. For focal peak-negative pressures of -15 MPa, characteristic of boiling histotripsy, nucleation rates grow by 20 orders of magnitude in the temperature interval 60 °C-100 °C.

中文翻译：

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组织切片中气泡成核的物理建模。

这项工作旨在建立组织切片中气泡成核建模的理论框架。经典成核理论的现象学版本通过组织切片实验数据进行参数化，拟合与温度相关的活动因子，该因子协调了高温和低温下气泡成核的理论预测和实验数据。然后使用组织切片压力和温度场的模拟，以了解在不同超声条件下气泡成核的空间和时间特性。该建模框架提供了对超声频率、波形、峰值焦点压力和占空比对超声诱导气泡成核模式的作用的热力学理解。发现在低于 50 °C 的温度下，在非常大的负压（例如 -30 MPa）下，成核率更为明显。对于 -15 MPa 的焦点峰值负压，沸腾组织切片的特征，在 60 °C-100 °C 的温度区间内，成核速率增长了 20 个数量级。