Recent progress in large-scale sequencing, genomics, and rapid gene isolation techniques has accelerated the identification of race-specific resistance (R) genes and their corresponding avirulence (Avr) genes in wheat, barley, rye, and their wild relatives. Here, we describe the growing repertoire of identified R and Avr genes with special emphasis on novel R gene architectures, revealing that there is a large diversity of proteins encoded by race-specific resistance genes that extends beyond the canonical nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat proteins. Immune receptors with unique domain architectures controlling race-specific resistance possibly reveal novel aspects on the biology of host-pathogen interactions. We conclude that the polyploid cereal genomes have a large evolutionary potential to generate diverse types of resistance genes.

中文翻译：

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NLR 免疫受体和多种类型的非 NLR 蛋白控制小麦科的种族特异性抗性。

大规模测序、基因组学和快速基因分离技术的最新进展加速了小麦、大麦、黑麦及其野生近缘种中种族特异性抗性 (R) 基因及其相应的无毒 (Avr) 基因的鉴定。在这里，我们描述了越来越多的已鉴定 R 和 Avr 基因，特别强调了新的 R 基因结构，揭示了种族特异性抗性基因编码的蛋白质种类繁多，超出了典型的富含亮氨酸的核苷酸结合域重复蛋白质。具有控制种族特异性抗性的独特域结构的免疫受体可能揭示宿主-病原体相互作用生物学的新方面。我们得出结论，多倍体谷物基因组具有产生多种抗性基因的巨大进化潜力。