Fungal pathogens can secrete hundreds of effectors, some of which are known to promote host susceptibility. This biological complexity, together with the lack of genetic tools in some fungi, presents a substantial challenge to develop a broad picture of the mechanisms these pathogens use for host manipulation. Nevertheless, recent advances in understanding individual effector functions are beginning to flesh out our view of fungal pathogenesis. This review discusses some of the latest findings that illustrate how effectors from diverse species use similar strategies to modulate plant physiology to their advantage. We also summarize recent breakthroughs in the identification of effectors from challenging systems, like obligate biotrophs, and emerging concepts such as the 'iceberg model' to explain how the activation of plant immunity can be turned off by effectors with suppressive activity.

中文翻译：

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植物病原真菌细胞内效应物操纵宿主的策略。

真菌病原体可以分泌数百种效应物，其中一些已知会促进宿主易感性。这种生物学复杂性，再加上某些真菌缺乏遗传工具，为全面了解这些病原体用于宿主操纵的机制提出了重大挑战。然而，最近在理解个体效应器功能方面的进展开始充实我们对真菌发病机制的看法。这篇综述讨论了一些最新的发现，这些发现说明了来自不同物种的效应子如何使用类似的策略来调节植物生理学以使其发挥优势。我们还总结了最近在从具有挑战性的系统（如专性生物营养体）和新兴概念（如“冰山模型”）中识别效应子方面的突破