INTRODUCTION Smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease. Although smoking results in an acute effect of relaxation and positive mood through dopamine release, smoking is thought to increase stress symptoms such as heart rate and blood pressure from nicotine-induced effects on the HPA axis and increased cortisol. Despite the importance in understanding the mechanisms in smoking maintenance, little is known about the overall protein and physiological response to smoking. There may be multiple functions involved that if identified might help in improving methods for behavioral and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, our goal for this pilot study was to identify proteins in the saliva that change in response to an acute smoking event versus acute sham smoking event in smokers and non-smokers, respectively. METHODS We employed the iTRAQ technique followed by Mass Spectrometry to identify differentially expressed proteins in saliva of smokers and non-smokers after smoking cigarettes and sham smoking, respectively. We also validated some of the salivary proteins by ELISA or western blotting. In addition, salivary cortisol and salivary amylase (sAA) activity were measured. RESULTS In all, 484 salivary proteins were identified. Several proteins were elevated as well as decreased in smokers compared to non-smokers. Among these were proteins associated with stress response including fibrinogen alpha, cystatin A and sAA. Our investigation also highlights methodological considerations in study design, sampling and iTRAQ analysis. CONCLUSIONS We suggest further investigation of other differentially expressed proteins in this study including ACBP, A2ML1, APOA4, BPIB1, BPIA2, CAH1, CAH6, CYTA, DSG1, EST1, GRP78, GSTO1, sAA, SAP, STAT, TCO1, and TGM3 that might assist in improving methods for behavioral and pharmacological interventions for smokers.

中文翻译：

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与非吸烟者假吸烟相比，吸烟者吸烟前后唾液蛋白质组的变化：一项初步研究。

引言 吸烟是可预防疾病的主要原因。虽然吸烟会通过释放多巴胺产生放松和积极情绪的急性效果，但人们认为吸烟会增加压力症状，如尼古丁对 HPA 轴的影响和增加的皮质醇引起的心率和血压。尽管了解吸烟维持机制很重要，但对吸烟的整体蛋白质和生理反应知之甚少。可能涉及多种功能，如果确定这些功能可能有助于改进行为和药物干预的方法。因此，我们进行这项试点研究的目标是确定唾液中的蛋白质，这些蛋白质分别对吸烟者和非吸烟者的急性吸烟事件与急性假冒吸烟事件做出反应。方法 我们采用 iTRAQ 技术和质谱法分别鉴定吸烟者和非吸烟者在吸烟和假吸烟后唾液中差异表达的蛋白质。我们还通过 ELISA 或蛋白质印迹验证了一些唾液蛋白。此外，还测量了唾液皮质醇和唾液淀粉酶 (sAA) 活性。结果 总共鉴定了 484 种唾液蛋白。与非吸烟者相比，吸烟者的几种蛋白质升高也降低。其中包括与应激反应相关的蛋白质，包括纤维蛋白原 α、胱抑素 A 和 sAA。我们的调查还强调了研究设计、抽样和 iTRAQ 分析中的方法论考虑。结论 我们建议进一步研究本研究中其他差异表达的蛋白质，包括 ACBP、A2ML1、