Alterations in diversity and function of the gut microbiome are associated with concomitant changes in immune response, including chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). An important component of the inflammatory response system are the toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are capable of sensing microbial components, including nucleic acids, lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans, as well as bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV). OMVs can be decorated with or carry as cargo these TLR activating factors. These microbial factors can either promote tolerance or activate signaling pathways leading to chronic inflammation. Herein we discuss the role of the microbiome and the OMVs that originate from intestinal bacteria in promoting chronic inflammation and the development of colitis-associated CRC. We also discuss the contribution of TLRs in mediating the microbiome-inflammation axis and subsequent cancer development. Understanding the role of the microbiome and its secretory factors in TLR response may lead to the development of better cancer therapeutics.

中文翻译：

---

微生物群及其分泌产物对炎症和结直肠癌发病机制的贡献：toll 样受体的作用。

肠道微生物组多样性和功能的改变与免疫反应的伴随变化有关，包括慢性炎症。慢性炎症是结直肠癌 (CRC) 的主要危险因素。Toll 样受体 (TLR) 是炎症反应系统的一个重要组成部分。TLR 能够感知微生物成分，包括核酸、脂多糖和肽聚糖，以及细菌外膜囊泡 (OMV)。OMV 可以用这些 TLR 激活因子装饰或作为货物携带。这些微生物因子可以促进耐受性或激活导致慢性炎症的信号通路。在此，我们讨论了源自肠道细菌的微生物组和 OMV 在促进慢性炎症和结肠炎相关 CRC 发展中的作用。我们还讨论了 TLR 在介导微生物组炎症轴和随后的癌症发展中的贡献。了解微生物组及其分泌因子在 TLR 反应中的作用可能会导致开发更好的癌症治疗方法。