Parent-child similarity is a function of genetic and environmental transmission. In addition, genetic effects not transmitted to offspring may drive parental behavior, thereby affecting the rearing environment of the child. Measuring genetic proclivity directly, through polygenic risk scores (PRSs), provides a way to test for the effect of nontransmitted parental genotype, on offspring outcome, termed a genetic nurture effect-in other words, if and how parental genomes might affect their children through the environment. The current study used polygenic risk scores for smoking initiation, cigarettes per day, and drinks per week to predict substance use in a sample of 3,008 twins, assessed prospectively from age 17-29, and their parents, from the Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research. Mixed-effects models were used to test for a genetic nurture effect whereby parental PRSs predict offspring tobacco and alcohol use after statistically adjusting for offspring's own PRS. Parental smoking initiation PRS predicted offspring cigarettes per day at age 24 (β = .103, 95% CI [.03, .17]) and alcohol use at age 17 (β = .091, 95% CI [.04, .14]) independent of shared genetics. There was also a suggestive independent association between the parent PRS and offspring smoking at age 17 (β = .096; 95% CI [.02, .17]). Mediation analyses provided some evidence for environmental effects of parental smoking, alcohol use, and family socioeconomic status. These findings, and more broadly the molecular genetic method used, have implications on the identification of environmental effects on developmental outcomes such as substance use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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具有多基因风险评分的烟草和酒精使用的亲子传播机制：遗传培育效应的证据。


亲子相似性是遗传和环境传播的函数。此外，未遗传给后代的遗传效应可能会驱动父母的行为，从而影响孩子的养育环境。通过多基因风险评分（PRS）直接测量遗传倾向，提供了一种测试非遗传性父母基因型对后代结果的影响的方法，称为遗传培育效应，换句话说，父母基因组是否以及如何通过以下方式影响他们的孩子：环境。目前的研究使用明尼苏达双胞胎和家庭中心的开始吸烟、每天吸烟和每周饮酒的多基因风险评分来预测 3,008 名双胞胎样本的药物使用情况，对 17-29 岁的双胞胎及其父母进行前瞻性评估研究。混合效应模型用于测试遗传培育效应，即在对后代自身的 PRS 进行统计调整后，父母的 PRS 可以预测后代的烟草和酒精使用情况。父母开始吸烟 PRS 预测后代 24 岁时每天吸烟 (β = .103, 95% CI [.03, .17]) 和 17 岁时饮酒 (β = .091, 95% CI [.04, .14] ]）独立于共同的遗传。父母 PRS 与后代 17 岁时吸烟之间也存在暗示性独立关联（β = .096；95% CI [.02, .17]）。中介分析为父母吸烟、饮酒和家庭社会经济地位的环境影响提供了一些证据。这些发现，以及更广泛地使用的分子遗传学方法，对于识别环境对物质使用等发育结果的影响具有重要意义。 （PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。