Nerve axons are shaped similar to long electric wires to quickly transmit information from one end of the body to the other. To remain healthy and functional, axons depend on a wide range of cellular cargos to be transported from the neuronal cell body to its distal processes. Because of the extended distance, a sophisticated and well-organized trafficking network is required to move cargos up and down the axon. Besides motor proteins driving cargo transport, recent data revealed that subcellular membrane specializations, including the axon initial segment at the beginning of the axon and the membrane-associated periodic skeleton, which extends throughout the axonal length, are important spatial regulators of cargo traffic. In addition, tubulin modifications and microtubule-associated proteins present along the axonal cytoskeleton have been proposed to bias cargo movements. Here, we discuss the recent advances in understanding these multiple layers of regulatory mechanisms controlling axonal transport.

中文翻译：

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多层空间调节协调轴突货物运输。

神经轴突的形状类似于长电线，可以将信息从身体的一端快速传输到另一端。为了保持健康和功能，轴突依赖于从神经元细胞体运输到其远端过程的各种细胞货物。由于距离较长，需要一个复杂且组织良好的运输网络来在轴突上下移动货物。除了驱动货物运输的运动蛋白外，最近的数据表明，亚细胞膜的特化，包括轴突开始处的轴突初始段和延伸到整个轴突长度的膜相关周期性骨架，是货物运输的重要空间调节器。此外，已经提出沿轴突细胞骨架存在的微管蛋白修饰和微管相关蛋白偏向于货物运动。在这里，我们讨论了在理解控制轴突运输的这些多层调控机制方面的最新进展。