Concurrent learning of adjacent and nonadjacent dependencies has been shown in adults only. This study extended this line of research by examining dependency-specific learning for both adjacent and nonadjacent dependencies concurrently in both adults and children. Seventy adults aged 18 to 64 (40 women, 30 men; Experiment 1) and 64 children aged 10 to 11 years (40 girls, 24 boys; Experiment 2) were tested with a new serial reaction time (SRT) task in which they were trained for 5-8 min on materials comprising equally probable adjacent and nonadjacent dependencies. They were then asked to discriminate between trained and untrained dependencies in a familiarity task. Both adults and children showed implicit concurrent learning of both adjacent and nonadjacent dependencies. The two dependency types were learned to the same extent. However, adults showed a rapid, sustainable, and dependency-specific sensitivity throughout the SRT task while children only showed a dependency-specific sensitivity to violations of expectations after exposure. When the two groups were statistically compared, only adults showed a dependency-specific learning effect after exposure. These findings are in line with the age-related improvement model of dependency learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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成人和儿童相邻和非相邻依赖性的并发视觉学习。

仅在成人中显示了对相邻和非相邻依赖性的并发学习。本研究通过检查成人和儿童同时针对相邻和非相邻依赖项的特定依赖项学习来扩展这一研究范围。70 名 18 至 64 岁的成年人（40 名女性，30 名男性；实验 1）和 64 名 10 至 11 岁的儿童（40 名女孩，24 名男孩；实验 2）接受了一项新的系列反应时间 (SRT) 任务的测试。对包含同等可能性的相邻和非相邻依赖项的材料进行了 5-8 分钟的训练。然后要求他们在熟悉的任务中区分受过训练和未经训练的依赖关系。成人和儿童都表现出对相邻和非相邻依赖性的隐性并发学习。这两种依赖类型的学习程度相同。然而，成人在整个 SRT 任务中表现出快速、可持续和依赖特定的敏感性，而儿童在暴露后仅对违反期望表现出依赖特定的敏感性。当对两组进行统计比较时，只有成年人在暴露后表现出依赖特定的学习效果。这些发现与依赖学习的年龄相关改进模型一致。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。这些发现与依赖学习的年龄相关改进模型一致。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。这些发现与依赖学习的年龄相关改进模型一致。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。