We examined the influence of prior expectations on 4- to 10-year-olds' and adults' preferences and emotions following an undesirable outcome (N = 205; 49% female, 51% male; 6% Asian, 1% Black, 13% Hispanic/Latino [non-White], 57% White, 18% multiracial, and 5% another race/ethnicity; 75% with a college-educated parent). Participants attempted to win a chance game with multiple prizes; the worst prize being a pencil. The game was rigged so that half of the participants lost, and the other half won. Regardless of the game outcome, everyone received a pencil. For winning participants (high-expectation condition), the pencil was worse than the prize they expected; whereas for losing participants (low-expectation condition), the pencil was better than the "nothing" they expected. Participants rated how much they liked and felt about the pencil preoutcome, postoutcome, when imagining having held an alternative prior expectation, and after learning that everyone received a pencil. Results showed that 6- to 10-year-olds and adults with low (vs. high) expectations liked the pencil more, with emotion ratings trending in the same direction. Prior expectations did not influence younger children's affective experiences. More participants with low (vs. high) expectations also expressed a positive outlook about the pencil, which increased with age and correlated with higher postoutcome emotions. More adults than children explained emotions as caused by thoughts, and only adults consistently reasoned that their preferences and emotions would have differed had they held alternative prior expectations. Once knowing that everyone received a pencil, 6- to 10-year-olds and adults liked the pencil more and felt better. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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这不是我所期望的：先前的期望对儿童和成人的偏好和情绪的影响。

我们检查了先前期望对 4 至 10 岁儿童和成人在不良结果后的偏好和情绪的影响（N = 205；49% 女性，51% 男性；6% 亚裔，1% 黑人，13%西班牙裔/拉丁裔 [非白人]，57% 的白人，18% 的多种族和 5% 的其他种族/民族；75% 的父母受过大学教育）。参与者试图赢得具有多个奖品的机会游戏；最差的奖品是铅笔。这场比赛被操纵，所以一半的参与者输了，另一半赢了。不管比赛结果如何，每个人都收到了一支铅笔。对于获胜的参与者（高期望条件），铅笔比他们预期的要差；而对于失败的参与者（低期望条件），铅笔比他们预期的“没有”要好。参与者评估他们对铅笔结果前、结果后、想象有替代的先前期望时以及得知每个人都收到铅笔后的喜欢和感受的程度。结果显示，6 至 10 岁的儿童和期望值低（相对于高）的成年人更喜欢铅笔，情绪等级也朝着相同的方向发展。先前的期望不会影响年幼儿童的情感体验。更多期望低（相对于高）的参与者也对铅笔表达了积极的看法，这种看法随着年龄的增长而增加，并与更高的结果后情绪相关。与儿童相比，更多的成年人将情绪解释为由思想引起，只有成年人一致认为，如果他们持有不同的先前期望，他们的偏好和情绪会有所不同。一旦知道每个人都收到了一支铅笔，6 到 10 岁的孩子和成年人更喜欢铅笔，感觉更好。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。