The first wave of globalization, from 1850 to 1914, is considered to be a period when global trade and investment increased at a steady pace, impacting on global economic growth. Yet that evolution was not consistent across all industries. This article explains why, during that period, global trade in wines and other alcoholic beverages was reversed. Apart from diseases that affected vineyards in the main wine-producing countries of the Old World, various factors in the New World—including local government incentives and the presence of consumers (immigrants) with acquired habits of consumption from European countries—created strong incentives for the imitation and adulteration of wines. This study looks at the strategies used both by the imitators in expanding their businesses and by the innovators to survive in institutional environments that were weak with regard to the protection of their intellectual property.

中文翻译：

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模仿和掺假的变化和灵活本质：全球葡萄酒行业案例，1850-1914

1850年至1914年的第一波全球化被认为是全球贸易和投资稳步增长、影响全球经济增长的时期。然而，这种演变在所有行业中并不一致。本文解释了为什么在此期间，葡萄酒和其他酒精饮料的全球贸易出现逆转。除了影响旧世界主要葡萄酒生产国葡萄园的疾病外，新世界的各种因素——包括当地政府的激励措施和具有欧洲国家消费习惯的消费者（移民）的存在——为葡萄酒的模仿和掺假。