Buffelgrass [Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link] is a drought-tolerant invasive grass that is a threat to native biodiversity in the drylands of the Americas and Australia. Despite efforts from land managers to control P. ciliare, management approaches tend to have mixed success, treatment results can be poorly communicated among entities, and there are few long-term controlled studies. In this literature review, we synthesize data from both peer-reviewed and “gray” literature on the efficacy of management techniques to control P. ciliare and the secondary impacts to native plant communities. Our search resulted in 42 unique sources containing a total of 229 studies that we categorized into 10 treatment types, which included herbicide, seeding, manual removal, fire, grazing, biocontrol, fire + additional treatments, manual removal + additional treatments, herbicide + additional treatments, and herbicide + manual removal. We found that treatments that used multiple techniques in tandem along with follow-up treatments were the most effective at controlling P. ciliare. Fewer than one-third of the studies reported impacts of management on native species, and the most commonly studied treatment (herbicide, N = 130) showed detrimental impacts on native plant communities. However, the average time between treatment and outcome measurement was only 15 mo; we suggest the need for more long-term studies of treatment efficacy and secondary impacts of treatment on the ecosystem. Finally, we conducted a second literature review on P. ciliare biology and traits for mechanisms that allows P. ciliare to alter the invaded environment to facilitate a competitive advantage over native species. We found evidence of self-reinforcing feedbacks of invasion being generated by P. ciliare through its interactions with water availability, nutrient cycling, and disturbance regimes. We developed a conceptual model of P. ciliare based on these feedback loops and offer management considerations based on its invasion dynamics and biology.

中文翻译：

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狼尾草：治疗效果、竞争性状和恢复机会的回顾

水牛草 [狼尾草(L.) Link] 是一种耐旱入侵草，对美洲和澳大利亚旱地的原生生物多样性构成威胁。尽管土地管理者努力控制纤毛假单胞菌, 管理方法的成功率往往参差不齐，治疗结果在实体之间沟通不畅，而且很少有长期对照研究。在这篇文献综述中，我们综合了同行评审和“灰色”文献中关于管理技术控制效果的数据纤毛假单胞菌以及对本地植物群落的次要影响。我们搜索了 42 个独特的来源，共包含 229 项研究，我们将这些研究分为 10 种处理类型，其中包括除草剂、播种、人工清除、火灾、放牧、生物防治、火灾 + 附加处理、人工清除 + 附加处理、除草剂 + 附加处理，除草剂+人工清除。我们发现同时使用多种技术的治疗以及后续治疗在控制方面最有效纤毛假单胞菌. 不到三分之一的研究报告了管理对本地物种的影响，以及最常研究的治疗方法（除草剂、ñ= 130) 显示对本地植物群落的不利影响。然而，治疗和结果测量之间的平均时间仅为 15 个月；我们建议需要对处理效果和处理对生态系统的二次影响进行更长期的研究。最后，我们进行了第二次文献综述纤毛假单胞菌允许的机制的生物学和特征纤毛假单胞菌改变被入侵的环境，以促进对本地物种的竞争优势。我们发现了入侵的自我强化反馈的证据纤毛假单胞菌通过它与水的可用性、养分循环和干扰机制的相互作用。我们开发了一个概念模型纤毛假单胞菌基于这些反馈循环，并根据其入侵动态和生物学提供管理考虑。