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Climate Change and State Responsibility for Human Rights Violations: Causation and Imputation
Netherlands International Law Review ( IF 1.3 ) Pub Date : 2018-07-01 , DOI: 10.1007/s40802-018-0110-0
Ottavio Quirico

The Paris Agreement provides that States ‘should respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on human rights’ in ‘taking action to address climate change’. Should therefore States be held responsible for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in breach of fundamental obligations, that is, the duties to respect, protect and fulfil first, second and third generation human rights? The key cases of the Inuit Petitions to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and Kivalina demonstrate that there are serious objective and subjective impediments to holding a State responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. By contrast, the decision of the Hague District Court in Urgenda has the potential to prompt a paradigm shift, whereby the evolution from first to second and third generation human rights allows streamlining fundamental issues of causation, extraterritoriality, attribution of responsibility and policy discretion. It is therefore arguable that the international recognition of a human right to a sustainable environment would require the plaintiff to only demonstrate direct causation, instead of indirect causation, thus fundamentally shifting the burden of proof to the defendant. Furthermore, such a right would allow attributing responsibility pro rata, based on minimum reduction targets outlined in the UNFCCC regime, overcoming issues of extraterritoriality and policy discretion. The human right to a sustainable environment entails asserting the fundamental nature of the no-harm rule.

中文翻译:

气候变化和国家对侵犯人权的责任:因果关系和归责

《巴黎协定》规定,各国在“采取行动应对气候变化”时“应尊重、促进和考虑各自的人权义务”。因此,各国是否应对违反基本义务,即尊重、保护和实现第一、第二和第三代人权的义务的人为温室气体排放负责?向美洲人权委员会和 Kivalina 提交的因纽特人请愿书的关键案例表明,要求国家对温室气体排放负责存在严重的客观和主观障碍。相比之下,乌尔根达海牙地方法院的裁决有可能促使范式转变,因此,从第一代人权到第二代和第三代人权的演变可以简化因果关系、治外法权、责任归属和政策酌处权等基本问题。因此,有争议的是,对可持续环境人权的国际承认将要求原告仅证明直接因果关系,而不是间接因果关系,从而从根本上将举证责任转移到被告。此外,这种权利将允许根据 UNFCCC 制度中概述的最低减排目标按比例分配责任,克服治外法权和政策自由裁量权的问题。享有可持续环境的人权需要维护无伤害规则的基本性质。责任归属和政策自由裁量权。因此,有争议的是,对可持续环境人权的国际承认将要求原告仅证明直接因果关系,而不是间接因果关系,从而从根本上将举证责任转移到被告。此外,这种权利将允许根据 UNFCCC 制度中概述的最低减排目标按比例分配责任,克服治外法权和政策自由裁量权的问题。享有可持续环境的人权需要维护无伤害规则的基本性质。责任归属和政策自由裁量权。因此,有争议的是,对可持续环境人权的国际承认将要求原告仅证明直接因果关系,而不是间接因果关系,从而从根本上将举证责任转移到被告。此外,这种权利将允许根据 UNFCCC 制度中概述的最低减排目标按比例分配责任,克服治外法权和政策自由裁量权的问题。享有可持续环境的人权需要维护无伤害规则的基本性质。从而从根本上将举证责任转移到被告身上。此外,这种权利将允许根据 UNFCCC 制度中概述的最低减排目标按比例分配责任,克服治外法权和政策自由裁量权的问题。享有可持续环境的人权需要维护无伤害规则的基本性质。从而从根本上将举证责任转移到被告身上。此外,这种权利将允许根据 UNFCCC 制度中概述的最低减排目标按比例分配责任,克服治外法权和政策自由裁量权的问题。享有可持续环境的人权需要维护无伤害规则的基本性质。
更新日期:2018-07-01
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