ABSTRACT

This paper presents a review of our current understanding of the process of wind damage to trees and forests, with a particular, but not exclusive focus, on planted and managed forests. It makes a direct comparison with the state of knowledge just over 50 years ago when systematic research on wind damage to forests was beginning and discusses how our knowledge has changed over that period. The paper starts with a discussion of the types of severe winds that cause damage and then explores the effect of a number of factors on the risk of wind damage. These include species differences, the influence of different tree characteristics, and the effect of tree competition, tree spacing, gaps and edges in the forest, and soil and site preparation. There is then a section dealing with wind damage at a variety of spatial and temporal scales and the processes occurring at these different scales. The penultimate part of the paper describes the actual physical mechanisms of stem damage and uprooting, how this understanding can be used to develop wind damage risk models, and then how the different parts of the overall wind damage problem can be brought together to form a holistic view. Finally, there is a brief review of the advance in our understanding over the last few decades, the continued areas of uncertainty or that require further work, and recommendations of subjects and topics that could be a focus for future research.

摘要

本文回顾了我们目前对树木和森林风害过程的理解，特别关注人工林和管理林，但并非唯一关注。它与 50 多年前开始对森林风害进行系统研究时的知识状况进行了直接比较，并讨论了我们的知识在那个时期发生了怎样的变化。本文首先讨论了造成损害的强风类型，然后探讨了许多因素对风损害风险的影响。其中包括物种差异、不同树木特性的影响，以及树木竞争、树木间距、森林间隙和边缘以及土壤和整地准备的影响。然后有一个部分处理各种空间和时间尺度的风害以及在这些不同尺度上发生的过程。论文的倒数第二部分描述了茎干损伤和连根拔起的实际物理机制，如何利用这种理解来开发风害风险模型，然后如何将整体风害问题的不同部分结合在一起形成一个整体看法。最后，简要回顾了我们在过去几十年中的理解进展、持续的不确定领域或需要进一步工作的领域，以及可能成为未来研究重点的主题和主题的建议。如何将这种理解用于开发风害风险模型，然后如何将整体风害问题的不同部分结合在一起形成一个整体视图。最后，简要回顾了我们在过去几十年中的理解进展、持续的不确定领域或需要进一步工作的领域，以及可能成为未来研究重点的主题和主题的建议。如何将这种理解用于开发风害风险模型，然后如何将整体风害问题的不同部分结合在一起形成一个整体视图。最后，简要回顾了我们在过去几十年中的理解进展、持续的不确定领域或需要进一步工作的领域，以及可能成为未来研究重点的主题和主题的建议。