Bioarchaeological (the study of archeological human remains together with contextual and documentary evidence) offers a unique vantage point to examine variation in skeletal morphology related to influences such as activity, disease, and nutrition. The human skeleton is composed of a dynamic tissue that is forged by biocultural factors over the entire life course, providing a record of individual, and community history. Various aspects of adult bone health, particularly bone maintenance and loss and the associated skeletal disease osteoporosis, have been examined in numerous past populations. The anthropological study of bone loss has traditionally focused on the signature of postmenopausal aging, costs of reproduction, and fragility in females. The a priori expectation of normative sex-related bone loss/fragility in bioanthropological studies illustrates the wider gender-ideological bias that continues in research design and data analysis in the field. Contextualized data on bone maintenance and aging in the archeological record show that patterns of bone loss do not constitute predictable consequences of aging or biological sex. Instead, the critical examination of bioarchaeological data highlights the complex and changing processes that craft the human body over the life course, and calls for us to question the ideal or “normal” range of bone quantity and quality in the human skeleton, and to critically reflect on what measures are actually biologically and/or socially meaningful.

中文翻译：

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什么是正常的骨骼健康？对骨强度、损失和衰老的有意义的测量和解释的生物考古学观点

生物考古学（对考古人类遗骸的研究以及背景和文献证据）提供了一个独特的有利位置来检查与活动、疾病和营养等影响相关的骨骼形态变化。人体骨骼是由生物文化因素在整个生命过程中锻造而成的动态组织，提供了个体和社区历史的记录。成人骨骼健康的各个方面，特别是骨骼的维持和丢失以及相关的骨骼疾病骨质疏松症，已经在许多过去的人群中进行了检查。骨质流失的人类学研究传统上侧重于绝经后衰老的特征、生殖成本和女性的脆弱性。生物人类学研究中对规范性与性别相关的骨质流失/脆弱性的先验期望说明了该领域研究设计和数据分析中继续存在的更广泛的性别意识形态偏见。考古记录中关于骨骼维持和衰老的背景数据表明，骨质流失的模式并不构成衰老或生物性别的可预测后果。相反，对生物考古数据的批判性检查突出了在生命过程中塑造人体的复杂和不断变化的过程，并要求我们质疑人体骨骼中骨骼数量和质量的理想或“正常”范围，并批判性地反思哪些措施实际上具有生物学和/或社会意义。考古记录中关于骨骼维持和衰老的背景数据表明，骨质流失的模式并不构成衰老或生物性别的可预测后果。相反，对生物考古数据的批判性检查突出了在生命过程中塑造人体的复杂和不断变化的过程，并要求我们质疑人体骨骼中骨骼数量和质量的理想或“正常”范围，并批判性地反思哪些措施实际上具有生物学和/或社会意义。考古记录中关于骨骼维持和衰老的背景数据表明，骨质流失的模式并不构成衰老或生物性别的可预测后果。相反，对生物考古数据的批判性检查突出了在生命过程中塑造人体的复杂和不断变化的过程，并要求我们质疑人体骨骼中骨骼数量和质量的理想或“正常”范围，并批判性地反思哪些措施实际上具有生物学和/或社会意义。