Despite a general decrease of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms during adolescence, these may persist in some individuals but not in others. Prior cross-sectional studies have shown that parenting style and their interaction with candidate genes are associated with ADHD symptoms. However, there is a lack of longitudinal research examining the independent and interactive effects of parenting and plasticity genes in predicting the course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms across adolescence. Here, we investigated how children perceived their parents’ parenting style (i.e., rejection, overprotection, and emotional warmth) at the age of 11, and their interaction with DRD4, MAOA, and 5-HTTLPR genotypes on parent-reported ADHD symptoms at three time points (mean ages 11.1, 13.4, and 16.2 years) in 1730 adolescents from the TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Growth Mixture Modeling in Mplus identified four ADHD symptom trajectories: low, moderate stable, high decreasing, and high persistent. Perceived parental rejection predicted class membership in the high persistent trajectory compared to the other classes (p < 0.001, odds ratios between 2.14 and 3.74). Gene-environment interactions were not significantly related to class membership. Our results indicate a role of perceived parental rejection in the persistence of ADHD symptoms. Perceived parental rejection should, therefore, be taken into consideration during prevention and treatment of ADHD in young adolescents.

尽管青春期注意力缺陷/多动障碍 (ADHD) 症状普遍减少，但这些症状可能在某些人身上持续存在，但在其他人身上则不然。先前的横断面研究表明，养育方式及其与候选基因的相互作用与 ADHD 症状有关。然而，缺乏纵向研究来检验养育和可塑性基因在预测整个青春期注意力缺陷/多动障碍 (ADHD) 症状过程中的独立和交互作用。在这里，我们调查了孩子在 11 岁时如何看待父母的养育方式（即拒绝、过度保护和情感温暖），以及他们与DRD4、 MAOA和5-HTTLPR的互动跟踪青少年个人生活调查 (TRAILS) 中 1730 名青少年在三个时间点（平均年龄 11.1、13.4 和 16.2 岁）的父母报告的 ADHD 症状的基因型。M plus中的生长混合模型确定了四种 ADHD 症状轨迹：低、中等稳定、高下降和高持续。与其他班级相比，感知到的父母拒绝预测了高持续轨迹中的班级成员身份（p < 0.001，比值比在 2.14 和 3.74 之间）。基因-环境相互作用与阶级成员关系没有显着关系。我们的结果表明感知到的父母排斥在 ADHD 症状持续存在中的作用。因此，在青少年 ADHD 的预防和治疗过程中应考虑到感知到的父母排斥。