Introduction

Nowadays, potentiometric maps are commonly used by hydrogeologists. They contain information from which can be deduced, among others, groundwater flow direction and hydraulic conductivity variations. In most hydrogeological studies that deal with groundwater flow, the potentiometric head is the main variable of the problem. In the historical development of hydrogeology, published and documented potentiometric maps appeared in the second half of the 19th century (Daubrée 1887). During this period, important developments were made, which allowed quantification of groundwater resources. In Europe, these advances are related to the increasing problems encountered by most of the big and mid-sized cities to provide clean water to the growing population (Daubrée 1887).

Darcy's law, published in 1856 (Darcy 1856), can be considered the starting point of quantitative hydrogeology. However, the actual progress in hydrogeology, at the time, primarily resulted from scientific and technological innovations induced by two determining factors: first, the mining operations (mostly linked to coal exploitation) reached deeper zones and required complex drainage/pumping works; second, providing safe and sufficient water supply in cities brought geologists and engineers together, and from their cross-experiences, new ideas and quantification methods emerged. In this international and regional context, it appears that the first (known) published potentiometric map was drawn by Gustave Dumont in 1856 in Liège (Belgium). This map, although referenced by Prinz (1919), Meinzer (1934) and Parker (1986), has been largely forgotten but is older than other works of the same nature generally mentioned in the groundwater literature (Delesse 1862; Lucas 1874; Gümbel 1875; Thiem 1876; Darton 1909).

中文翻译：

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第一张电位图

介绍

如今，水文地质学家普遍使用电位图。它们包含可以推断出地下水流向和水力传导率变化等信息。在大多数处理地下水流的水文地质研究中，电位水头是问题的主要变量。在水文地质学的历史发展中，出版和记录的电位图出现在 19 世纪下半叶（Daubrée  1887）。在此期间，取得了重要的发展，使地下水资源的量化成为可能。在欧洲，这些进步与大多数大中型城市在为不断增长的人口提供清洁水方面遇到的日益增加的问题有关（Daubrée  1887）。

达西定律，发表于 1856 年（Darcy  1856），可以被认为是定量水文地质学的起点。然而，当时水文地质学的实际进展主要来自于两个决定性因素引起的科技创新：首先，采矿作业（主要与煤炭开采有关）到达更深的区域，需要复杂的排水/抽水工程；其次，为城市提供安全、充足的供水，让地质学家和工程师走到了一起，从他们的交叉经验中涌现出新的想法和量化方法。在这种国际和地区背景下，第一个（已知的）出版的电位图似乎是由 Gustave Dumont 于 1856 年绘制的在列日（比利时）。这张地图虽然被 Prinz ( 1919 年)、Meinzer ( 1934 年) 和 Parker ( 1986 年) 引用过，但在很大程度上已被遗忘，但比地下水文献中普遍提到的其他相同性质的作品更古老 (Delesse  1862 年；Lucas  1874 年；Gümbel  1875 年) ；蒂姆 1876 年；达顿 1909 年）。