Using birth certificates matched to schooling records for Florida children born 1992 – 2002, we assess whether family disadvantage disproportionately impedes the pre-market development of boys. We find that, relative to their sisters, boys born to disadvantaged families have higher rates of disciplinary problems, lower achievement scores, and fewer high-school completions. Evidence supports that this is a causal effect of the post-natal environment; family disadvantage is unrelated to the gender gap in neonatal health. We conclude that the gender gap among black children is larger than among white children in substantial part because black children are raised in more disadvantaged families.

中文翻译：

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家庭劣势和行为和教育成果的性别差距

使用与佛罗里达州 1992 年至 2002 年出生的儿童的教育记录相匹配的出生证明，我们评估了家庭劣势是否严重阻碍了男孩的上市前发展。我们发现，相对于他们的姐妹，出生在贫困家庭的男孩有更高的纪律问题、更低的成就分数和更少的高中毕业率。有证据表明这是产后环境的因果关系；家庭不利与新生儿健康方面的性别差距无关。我们得出结论，黑人儿童的性别差距大于白人儿童，这在很大程度上是因为黑人儿童是在更弱势的家庭中长大的。